From: Giraldi Cambrensis Opera, vol. 6, ed. J. F. Dimock, Rolls Series (London, 1868). Latin text as printed.

«’*//<i/>/>/vs<^’»'

STEPHANOi CANTUARIENSI ARCHIEPISCOPO. iiib. IN KAMBRIiE DESCRIPTIONE PR^EFATIO

PRIMA.

Ille ego, qui quondam Hyhemicam Topograpldam, cum abditis suis et naturje secretis, in tribus distinc- tionibus triennii labore digessi ; et Vaticlnalem Ex- pugnationis Hyhcrnicce subsequenter Hiistoriam, duabus distinctionibus, biennali lucubratione complevi ; quique, Itinerariurih educens, laboriosaui viri sancti per Walliic lines legationem sub ignorantice tenebris perire non permisi ; KambriiTe nostraj descriptionem, gentisquc natm-am, aliis alienam natiouibus et valde diversam, hoc opusculo declarare, tibique, vir inclite, Stephane “^ Cantuariensis archiepiscope, quem religio pariter ^ et

Ilaviug fomierly written the Top. Wb. and thc E.vp. Ilib. ;

also, the Itin. Kamb. ; Giraldus uow pur- poses to write a Descrip- tiou of Kambria.

1 Stephano] D., &c. ; Huberto, V. N. In T., the MS. of the Stjmb. Elect. in Trin. Coll. Library, Cam- bridge, the heading of this prefacc is, " In Kambriae descriptionem " prsefatio prima " (vol. i. 394). The copy of the treatise, from ■«•hich T. repeated this preface, as appears from the next note, was dedicated to bishop Hugh of Lincoln, Hugh of Burgundy, no doubt, Tvho dicd in 1200.

• SteplHtiie] D., &c. ; Huberte.

Hugo

Lincolniensis epi-

V. N. scope, T.

■* quem religio pariter et literatura com.’] T. D., &c. ; quem discretio pariter morumque venustas lauda- bilem reddunt, V., and N. but with- out " pariter.” Compare the Itiii., supra, 7. The alteration, from the discretioH and poli.shed manncrs in the address to Hubert, to the religion and learning in that to St. Hugh and Stephea Langton, is worth re- niarkinp.

loG DKSCUIPTIO KAMBRIJi.

literatura coramendat, ^ sicut Itinerarium olim, ^ sic

l^raesentem quoque diligentiae nostne laborem vestrae

sanctitati destinare disposui, quanquam tanto forte '

viro munus indignum, digno tamen ^ cui digna donentur

pmesentatum.

Objections Objiciunt autem nonnuJli, et sub dilectionis specie

ploying his ^^^6 pictori assimilaut ; qui pretiosis abundans coloribus,

talents on et tanquam Zeusis alter arte ° pr?ecellens, ubi palatium

such un- . . ^ 11- .

worthy insigne aut templum depmgere cum multa expectatione

subjects. sperabatm-, tugurium aliquod, seu vile quodcunque in

sui natura despectumque, tanto artificio tantisque

sumptibus illustrare contendit. Sic etenim inter tantas

tam illustres inundi materias, me finales hos terrarum

angulos, Hyberniam scilicet, Kambriam, [et] ^ Britan-

niam, literis extollere, rhetoricisque coloribus insignire

velle mirantur.

That his Prteterea dicunt alii, et acutius obloquuntur, collatam

|race° desuper gratiam non in infimis istis evacuandam ; nec

oughtto in principum laudes vana lucubratione consumendam,

be devoted .,,. ,., ,. ■■ . ,. ,.,

to higher •!"! hodie, ncc literati nec largi, gloriosa literarum

and better studia iiec remunerare norunt nec laudare ; quinimmo, quod de sursum illabitur." potius ad superna referri, et ejus ad gloriam cuncta converti debere, de cujus pleni- tudine id totum accepimus, ejusque summopere laudibus

Jac. i. 17. inservire, a quo “Omne datum optimum ^ et omne " donum perfectum " tanquam ab indeficienti fonte 112. descendit, cui vere nunquam ingrato nihil unquam oblatum transire potest’-’ irremuneratum.

" commendai”] D. Kd. ; conimen- Camden has “et Cambriam,” mth-

dant, T., Caniden, and Itin., siipra, 7.

2 o/»«] D., &c. ; aute, V. N. T.

out Brilannlam.

7 iUabitur’] V. N. T., &c. D. has " elabitur" in text, but coiTected

■^ forte] V. N. T. Rd., Camden ; j by " illabitur " in margin.

fore, D. j ^ omne datum optimum’] V. N. T.

•» tamen] V. N. T., &c. ; inde, D. ’ D. Not in Rd., Camden.

•’• arte] V. D. Kd. Not in N., ‘J transire polesf] V. N. T. D. ;

Camdcu. transire (only), Rd. ; trau&it, Cam-

^’ et] Not in T. D. Kd. In V. N. den.

PR.EFATIO PRIMA. l.’)7

Sed quoniam nobiles aliaruni regionum historise, Giiaiaus’s egregiis olim edita^ scriptoribus, in luccm prodiere, },;,. choice nos, ob patria3 favorem et posteritatia, fiuium nostro- of subjects. rum abdita quidem “^ evolvere, ‘^ et inclite gesta, necdum tanien in memoriain luculento labore digesta, tenebris exuere, humilemque stilo materiam efFerre, iiec inutile quidem nec iUaudabile reputavimus. Trojano’”’ excidio, Tliebis, et Athenis, Lavinisque litoribus, impar et inculta quid addere posset opera nostra ? Quoniam igitur actum agere quasi nihil agentis oj^us existeret, malui potius et longe prseelegi pauperes finium nos- trorum historias, ab aliis hactenus omnino fere relictas, industria nostra parentibus et patri?e non ingrata’’ de- clarare ; et sic postmodum ad majora pedetentim et paulatim anhelare.

Et ut ex minoribus utcunque liqueat istis, quemad- modum majores, cum sors materias obtulerit, noster valeat stilus explicare.

Ad h?ec etiam, quia quoedam agenda sunt, et alia non proetermittenda, rudis adhuc ^ viridisque juventre conamina licuit in istis*^ exerceri, ne sub otio penitus, et delicti fouiite ’ desidia., tempora transierint ^ dulciora.

Hpec igitur, quasi prteludia quredam, ad inclitos scientiie scientiarum ^ thesauros, qu?e sola scit scire, sola scientes facere hominem tam regere quam imbuere.

gwidem] SotheMSS.; quacdam, “! fomite’] So the MSS. ; fonte,

Camden. Camden.

2 evoloere] V. N. T. D., Camden ; j ^ transierint’] V. N. T. D. ; tran- enucleare, Rd. | sirent, Rd. ; transeant, Camden.

3 Afterrrojano, Rd.andCamden 1 " Giraldus is adapting from a have " nimirum.” j passage of Gregory Xazianzeu. The

! Greek is {Orat /., Apologct. 8 C,

^ ingrata] So the MSS. ; mgra- ’ ^d. Cologne, 1690): T^J ‘ovn yhp

tas, i^amaen. ci/ttj fxoi <paiveTai rexvn ns di/at

’ rudis adhuc viridisque] T. D., i t€X’“S>”, Kal iiriffri^ixr, eTTt(m",/xuv, &v.

&c. ; rudisque adhuc et viridis, V. 1 epunov &yetv, rb iroXvTpondnarov ruv

N. I (umiv Ka\ wotKiXurarov. See vol. i.

•• After istis, Rd. and Camden j 272, where Giraldus quotes the pas-

have " et similibus." sage more fuUy.

158 DESCRIPTH) KAMimi^.

(luasi piwambula privlibavimus : quam solam facultates

alia) tanquam ])edissequju ref^inaiu longe sequuntur, et

vestigia semper adorant. In his itaque, tanto icdificio

juvenilibus annis tuta struentes fundamenta, ad exi-

mios tam maturee tam sacrtB scientiie tractatus post-

niodum explicandos, maturiores annos, Deo duce, vitaque

Lucan, coniite, reservavimus. ^ " Ardua quippe fides," ut ait

280 ’ ^"’" poeta, “robustos exigit annos.” In aliis itaque, gratia

istius, raoram facere fas est, sed moderatam ; in hac

vero non solum morari, verum etiam mori desiderabile.

Ilis long Porro ad liajc aggrediendum - inducias petimus, sed

^‘naM exiguas ; donec, cum libello De Princlpw Indructione

I)c Iiistr. toties promisso, Kamhricv quam prae manibus habemus

and his Descviptio, et Britannica Topograjyhia, in publicam

imrposed notitiam emanaverint.

Eritain. ^^’^s aliis itaque Britannise scriptoribus, solus mihi

Ciiidas Gildas, quoties eundem materiae cursus obtulerit, imi- wiiter ^ tabilis esse videtur. Qui ^ ea quse vidit et ipse cognovit

whom scripto comraendans, excidiuraque gentis sua3 deplorans (iriraldus .. i-i •i-i- , -i

especiaiiy potius quam describens, veram magis histonam texuit

foUows. quam ornatam.

Gildam itaque Giraldus sequitur. Quera utinam moribus et vita sequi posset ; factus ejusdem plus sapientia quara eloquentia, plus anirao quam calarao, plus zelo quam stilo, plus vita quam verbis imitator.

" reservavimus"] So all the MSS.; I . ^ Qui’] V. N. T. J). ; Quia, Rd., Camden has " resen-abimus." i Camden. '

• agyrediendum’] V. N. T. D. ; | ingrediendum, Ed., Camden. '

CAPTTULA.

iny

INCIPIUNT^ CAPITULA LIBRI GIRALDI KAM- BRENSIS DE KAMBRI^ DESCRIPTIONE.

I.^ — Primus liber continefc de lonoritudine Wallia3 et

latitudine ; qualitate teri’se, et inequalitate. II. — De divisione Wallias totalis^ in tres partes. III. — De generatione principuni Walliae. IIII. — Quot cantaredos Wallia contineat ; quot curias

principales ; et quot sedes catbedrales. V. — De duobus montanis, a quibus ac[ua3 nobiles

emanantes, Walliam egregie dividunt et distin-

guunt. VI. — De amcenitate Wallia) et fertilitate. VII, — Unde dicta sit Kambria, et unde Wallia. VIII. — De gentis istius natura, moribus, et cultu, Et

primo de audacia ejusdem, agilitate, et animositate. IX. — De sobria ejusdem coena, et parcimonia. X. — De hospitalitate, et dapsilitate. XI. — De crinium tonsura, dentium cultu, et barbse

rasura. XII. — De ingenii acumine et subtilitate, musicis in-

strumentis, coloribus rhetoricis, et dictaminum in-

ventionibus. XIII. — De symphonicis eorum cantibus, et cantilenis

organicis.

1 Incipiunt . . . descriptione] N. D. Ed. Not in V. The whole Table of chapters is omitted in Camdeu.

• /. //., §-c.] D. Not in V. N. Rd.

^ totalis’] V. N., and D. infra at head of chapter ; totius, D. here.

KiO

DESCRIPTIO KAMBRIiE.

XIIII. — De verboruin facetia et urhanitate. 113. XV. — De loquendi audacia et .sccuritate.

XVI. — De divinatoribus in liac gente, et^ quasi arrep-

titiis. XVII. — De generositatis amorCj ct genealogia longe

retenta. XVIII. — De antiqua fidei fundatione, Christianitatis

amore, et devotione.

Capitida^ secundi Uhri.

I. — Secundus liber continet de inconstantia gentis

hujus et instabilitatc ; fidei quoque, sacramentique

reverentia nulla. II. — Quod rapto ^ vivunt ; et pacis amicitia?que fcedera

non custodiunt. III. — De martio conflictu invalido, turpique fuga et

illaudabili. IIII. — De ambitiosa terrarum occupatione ; et inter

fratres divisione. V. — De gravi eorum exactione, et immoderantia. VI. — De incestus crimine ; ecclesiarum quoque per

successiones et participes abusione. VII. — De peccatis eorum ; et tam Britannire quam

Ti-ojae, meritis urgentibus, amissione. VIII. — Qualiter gens ista sit expugnanda. IX. — Qualiter, expugnata, sit gubernanda. X. — Qualiter eadem resistere valeat; et rebellare.

1 ef] V. N. D. ; nonniiUis, Rd. ’ Cap. sec. librQ D. Not in V. N. Rd.

" rapto’] V. N. Rd., and D. in/ra at head of chapter ; raptu, D. here.

PRiEFATIO. 101

PRyEFATTO SECUNDA. AD EUNDEM.^

Cum intor Vcaria literanim studia ad historias scri- Giraldus,

bendas studiosiTO mentis aciem applicuerim, imprimis ^^^^^ jjjg

patriam, patrireque vicinas et conterminas ex industria mind to

. ,.. , , ., . •• writing

regiones, ne natali mgratus solo viderer, pro ingenn history,

modulo literis illustrare, et sic seriatim ad ulteriora ^^’’\ “«^

nc^lGCt

simul- et utiliora, Deo duce, vitaque comite, qviasi his^own

salutata primum patria transire disposui. Sed quo- country. ,,. . r . . ,y , . Tosome

niam nonnulh viri magni, quos vidimus et novimus, great men

quibus litera3 nauseam creant, libros egregios eis obla- iiterature

tos statim in scriniis recondere, et tanquam perpetuo

carceri tradere et retrudere ^ solent, a te, vir optime,

cui pra?sens opusculum transmitti deproperat, petitum,

si placet, et impetratum esse cupio ; quatinus haec Giraldus

nostraD diligentias monumenta, sicut et priora vobis ** encourage-

exarata, quanquam in se modica, aliquando tamen et ment from

aliquibus forsan accepta futura, tenebris involvi quse 1 13 b.

lucem desiderant non permittas ; sed ea potius, quae ‘"’tom he

publicata pulchrius elucescent,^ voce liberali ac libera hi.s works.

jubeas in commune deduci, Pretium quippe ^ laboris Only wants

• his worlcs

et praemium reputem, si, sopitis interdum orationum ^^ ^e read.

’ Prafatio . . . eundeni] D. Rd., Camden ; " Ad eundem " only in V. N. The heading in T. is, " In " Kambriae descriptionem pra;fatio " secunda;” vol. i. 394.

• simul et ntiliora] V. N. T. D. Not in Rd., Camden.

■* retrudere’] T. D. Rd., Camden ; | quidem, D recondere, V. ; rescindere, N. |

VOL. vr.

‘» vobis\ T. D. Rd. ; nobis, N. ; doubtful in V. Camden has " a " nobis."

• elucescerit’] T, D. ; clucescunt, V. N., Camdcn ; ekicescaiit, Rd.

fi quippe] Y. N. T. Rd., Camden ;

102

DESCRTF^Trn U’AMP.RIy1i:.

be.

iiistantiis et occupationum curis, vel oculos ad hiPC quandoque legendum, vel saltem aures ad audiendum ’ Desircs and accommodes. Nec enim aliam a vobis, cum liodie reimuiera" ‘‘‘cripta ncmo remuneret, vel expeto, vel exspecto retri- tion, how- butionem. Quanquam rationi tamen id dissonum rai- thi?milht ^^^^ foret, nisl a magnatibus hodie quasi conjuratio in auctores facta fuisset, si ille, qui tot virtutibus, et tam industrias quam natura’ dotibus, moribus electis et munificentiis, his nostris diebus longe prseeminet et praecellit, et in hac virtute, ab aliis omnibus dere- licta dudum et destituta, se quoque spectabilem et quasi singularem exhiberet.

Ille, inquam, ut brevi eloquio laudis ad cumulum multa concludam, cui versus illi Marcialis ad Trajanum sub Diocliciano militantem ^ digne poterunt adaptari,

" Laudari debes,^ quoniam sub principe duro, " Temporibusque malis, ausus es esse bonus ; "

et illi Maronis ad Mecenatem, principis mansuetudinem declarantes.

Epigram. xii. 6, 11.

" Omnia ‘* cum posses, tanto tam clarus amico, Te sensit nemo posse nocere tamen.’

" rr

Objections ofhis "

friends to ,( his devo- tion to lite- rature.

" Ad brec^ autem objiciuut multi, ct bi prsesertim qui dicuutur amici, ob studii vehementiam® me rebus seculari- bus negotiisquc familiaribus minns intentum, et ob boc segnius in mundauiB dignitatis gradibus provehendum ;

1 ad audiemlum’] V. N. T. D. Not in Rd. Camden has instead, ’’ attente."

• milUantem’] T. D. Rd. ; adhuc militantem, V. N.

^ Martial has :

" Nunc licet, et fas est ; sed tu " cum principe duro,

" Temporibusque malis, ausus es " esse bonus."

“• In Scaliger’s Catalecta Virgilii (ed. 1617, p. 95), these lines are in

" C. Pedonis Albinovani in ‘Mtc- " cenatis obitum Eiegeia,” where " carus," instead of clarus, in the first line.

■• Ad hac, §•<?,] The rest of this preface, with the exception of a quotation from Ilorace, has already appeared, all but word for word, as the latter portion of the first preface to Exp. Hih. (vol. V. 211, &c.).

^ vehementiam~\ T. D., &c., and Exp. Hib, ; reverentiam, V. N.

PRi1?FATT0 SECUNDA.

103

auctorum olim tam liistoricorum f(uam jioeticorum auctori- tatem in desuetudinera abiisse ; literarura Iionorem cum literatis principibus pra^tcriisse ; aliis liodic viis ad honorcm perveniri. Fatcor haic, cquidcm ’ fatcor; ct facilc vcris acquicsco. Sequmitur cnim principcs improbi, curiam cupidi, codices- et pixides ambitiosi. Sed quoniam,

" Trahit sua quemque voluptas,"

mc literarum a pueritia traxit amor, et tanquam deliciarum omnium caput literata) studium delectat eloqucntias. Hoc itaque priijditus voto, supra coastancos multos scrutabunda tam naturalitim^ cursus rerum quam excursus inquisitione profeci ; et posteritati cousulcns, inclita nostri temporis acta sub silentio perirc non pcrmisi.

" Nec ista tamcn absquc laborc complcntur pluvlmo, sed jocundo. DifiBcilis namque est tam^ certa rerum singula- rum* indagatio; diflBcilis inquisitae simul et exquisitae veri- t;\tis ordinata dispositio ; ct ab initiali puncto finalem ad usquc,’’ uou discrepante matcria, recta per medium funis extentio. Difficilis quoque, quatinus tam verbis quam sen- tentiis scintillet oratio, ornati sermonis elocutio : quippe cum ad explicandam memorandorum seriem, non minus interdum’ elegantium vcrborum torqueat electio quam vexet" inventio. Tanto namque propensiore opus est opera, tantoque singuhi prius elimanda videntur quam eliminanda, quanto scripto commcudata sc oculis multorum subjiccrc

Virg. Ecl. ii. 05. Giraldus’s love of literature :

and profi* ciency.

Labour

attending

it.

This ne- cessary, because writings

1 equidem’] After this word, V. and N. proceed, " pascor deliciis et " reficior," &c., as iiifra, 164, 1. 22. They are followed by a number of late MSS. Rd. is the only late MS. I have seen, which gives this preface complete, as in T. D. In all, however, the portion here mis- sing is found in the middle of Cap. 7, Lib. ii. infra, -with no hint of disconnection. As will be seen hereafter, under Cap. 8, V. and N., foUowed by the same late MSS., have another and a very large omission, ■which is not found elsc- where, as with this smaller omission. They miist have been derived from some earlier MS., one leaf of ■which in this preface had somehow got

r.iisplaced into the middle of Lib. ii., and which had also altogether lost several leaves afterwards of Lib. i.

• codices’] V. N. T. D., and Exp. Hib.; codices clerici, Rd., Camden.

•’ naturaliitm . . . excursus] In- stead of this the Exp. Hib. has, " cursuum naturte quam excur- " suum."

• tam’] V. N. T. D, and Exp. Hib. Not in Rd., Camden.

■" sinyulamm"] V. N. T., &c. ; sin- gularium, D.

• After usque, Rd. and Camden have “terminum.”

’ interdum] T. D. Rd., Camden. Not in V. N., Exp. Hib.

s vexet] T. D. Rd. ; vexat,V.N., Camden, and Exp. Hib.

l2

1G4

DESCRIPTIO KAMRRIiT:.

are not only for present eyes.

Sidou. ApoU. Ep. iii. 14.

Hor. 2 Ep. i. 262.

Cic. de Oratore, ii. !).

Especial delight in this labour.

114 b.

iion rormidant, nec solum praesentibus sed futuri.s, arp^uto- rum simul subitura judicium ct offensorum. Verba niiiii- lum emissa, qiiia statim cvolant et evanescunt, nec laudis corum meraoria nec vitujierii diuturna. Scripta vero, c|uo- niam edita semel et publicata non prsEtereunt, ad auctoris sui permanentcm vcl gloriam cxtant vel ignominiam. Quo- niam, ut ait Seneca,’ ’ Lividi lectoris malitia dictioncm ’ sanam et insanam pari revolvit appctitu ; non amplius ’ concupiscens clecta qua? laudet, quam despecta quaj " rideat." " Unde " poeta :

" Discit eniiii citius, raeminitque libentius illud, " Quod quis deridet, quam quod probat et vene- " ratur."

‘•’ Igitur inter studia laude dignissima, hujus quoque studii " laus non ultima. " Historia namquo," ut ait Seneca,^ cst " ’ antiquitatis auctoritas, testis temporum, lux veritatis, vita " ’ memoriso, magistra vitfe,’" nuntia vetustatis."

" Tanto denique labor hic delectabilior, quanto dignius " f|uam alicna recitaro recitanda proferre, quauto appetibiliu.s " ab aliis eligi quam bonus aliorum elector videri, quanto " laudabilius digne ab aliis in laudem efferri quam dignus " aliorura laudator haberi. His itaque pascor deliciis, et " reticior ; leronimo malens similis esse quam Creso, longo- " que plus opibus cuuctis .opum approbans contcmptorem . " His gratulor divitiis ^ et delector ; semper intemperantia? " modestiam, semper honestam superfluitati pra?ferens suffi- " cientiam. Et quoniam illa pereunt, ista perire non pos- " sunt, illa transeunt, ista cum feternitate contendunt, semper " lucro laudem, semper gazis gloriam anteponens."

’ This quotation is in Sidonius ApoUinaris. See vol. v. 213, n. 2.

• Unde . . veneratur’^, T. D. Ed., Camden. Not in V. N. or JExp. Hib.

^ ut ait Seneca’] D. ; ut ait nio- ralis ille philosophus, Rd., Camden.

It is not at all in V. N. T., Exp. Hib. The passage ig from Cicero.

• wagistra vitce’^ This omitted in T.

■’ divitiisl V. N. D. ; deliciis, T. Rd., Camden. Both readings are also in MSS. of the Exp. Hib.

LIBEK I, OAP. I. 105

[Cap. I.]i

Be lonrjitudine Kamhriw, el latitudiiie ; qualitate ejusdem, [cvqualitate’],^ et incequalitate.

Kambria, quaj adulteiino vocabulo, usitatoque magis Kambria,

sed proprio minus, modernis diebus Wallia dicitui’, 1.™!^^^^^^ ^

ducenta milia passuuni in longum, circiter vero cen- Wales :

tum milia in latum liabet. Longitudo namque, a 1^^^’^°^

portu Yoiger ^ in Monia usque ad portum Eskewin in breadih.

AVinta, quasi per octo dietas extenditur : latitudo vero,

a Porthmaur Menevise, id est Portu magno, usque

Ridhelic,^ quod Britannice ^ Vadum salicis, Anglice vero

nunc Wiliford ^ dicitur, quasi per quatuor dietas

expanditur. Montibus excelsis, vallibus imis, silvis Its moun-

immensis, aquis et paludibus, terra munitissima : adeo forests

ut a tempore quo Saxones primum insulam occupave- &c- ;

rant, reliquiaj Britonum, qui in has partes secesserunt, jioids^’

nec ab Anglis olim, nec a Normannis postmodum, against thc

expugnari ad plenum priBvaluissent.’^ Illi vero qui ad and Nor-

australem angulum, qui a ducis Corinei nomine nomen “^"^- .

X • X . • IheBri-

accepit, se suscepei"unt, quia terra tam munita non est, tons of

adeo rebelles esse non valueruut. Tertia namque Cornwall ;

1 Cap. I., Cap. II., l5-c.] No - a^qmilitate’] Not in V. N. Rd.,

numbering is given to the chapters j nor ia D., iii Table of chapters,

in any MS., I therefore enclose [ supra, 159. In D. here.

these in brackets. But, as ^ve have ; 3 Yoiger] D. Rd. ; Horger.V. N. ; just seen, there is numbenng m the Gordber, Camden.

Table of chapters (snpra, 159) I in D., the only early MS. of this .■* ^;^/"^^’^] N. D. ; Rid helig.V.;

treatise that has corae dov.n to us. Tlie same is the case in thc Itinera- rium, -which, in the early JISS., bas the uumbering in the Table of chapters {supra, 9), but not to the chapters themselves aftenvards. I ought to liave mentioncd this, but have not iu my notcs to the Itine- rarinm.

Rithelic, Rd.

5 Britannice’\ So all the MSS. ; Latine, Camden.

6 WihforiT] V. N. D. ; Wcliford, Rd. ; WiloAvforde, Camden.

‘^ pra:valuissait’\ V. N. D. ; potiiT issent, Kd., Camden,

IGG

DKSClllPTlO KAMUUIiE.

and of Brittany.

BriLonum extantium pars, qua; Armoricum australis Gallia) .siuum obtinuit, non post Britannicum exci- dium, sed longe ante a Maximo^ tyranno translata est : et post multos et graves, cjuos Britannica juven- tus cum ipso sustinuit, bellicos sudores, ultimis his Galliarum finibus imperiali munificentia est remune- rata.

Wales di- \ided into tbreeparts; viz., Korth Wales, South Wales, and Powys.

By the three sons of Ehodri Mawr.

[Cap. II.]

De divisione Wallice totalis m tres partes.

Divisa est antiquitus AVallia totalis in tres partes tanquam jequales ; plus equivalentise tamen, quam justre quantitatis et proportionis habita consideratione ; Venedotiam scilicet, quse nunc Nortwallia, id est, Borealis Waliia dicitur ; Sudwalliam, id est Australem WaUiam, quas Kambrice Deheubarth, id est, Dextralis pars dicitur ; cujus etiam portio septem cantaredis est conserta Demetia ; - et Powisiam, quasi mediam et orientalem.

Divisionis autem hujus hgec causa suberat. Rotheri- cus magnus, qui Britannice Kotheri Maur dicebatur, totique Walliae prtesidebat, tres filios habuerat,^ Mer- vinum, Anaraut, et Cadelh. Hi tres totam inter se Walliam diviserunt. Mervino cessit Nortwallia, Anaraut Powisia, Cadelh vero, cum populi totius et fratrum benedictione, Sudwallia. Ipsa nimu-um, quan- quam quantitate longe major, propter nobiles tamen qui Kambrice Hucheilwer quasi superiores yiri vocan- tm”, quibus abundabat,’^ qui et dominis rebelles esse solebant, dominumque ferre detrectabant,^ deterior esse

^ Maximo’] D. ; Maximano, V. N. ; Maximo rege, Ed., Camden.

• Demetia] D. Rd. ; Demetiam, V. N, See Itin., supra, 93, 1. .5. This section is strangely altered, and made nonsense of, in Camdcn.

3 habuerat] So all the MSS. ; habuit, Camden.

■* abundabat] V. N. Rd.,Camden; abundat, D.

^ dclrectabant’] V. N., &c. ; re- trectabant, D.

LIBER I, CAP. II.

167

videbatur. Cadelh autem, prajraortuis fratribus, totius Walliffi demum monarchiam obtiiiuit ; ct successorey sui similiter, usque ad Theodorum. Descendentes enim a Theodoro tantum Sudwalliam obtinuerunt, sicut ct pater eorum : hi scilicet, Resus filius Theodori, Griphi- nus filius Resi, et Resus filius Griphini qui hodie priuest.^

[Cap. III.] De generatione prindpum Wallicu.

HfBC itaque est generatio principum Sudwallise: Geneaio- Resus filius Gripliini, Gripbinus filius Resi, Resus |rinc° g^of filius Theodori, Theodorus filius Cadelh, Cadelh filius Wales. Eneie, Eneas filius Oenei, Oeneus filius Hoeli da, id est Hoeli boni, Hoelus filius Cadelh, Cadelh filius Roderici magni.

De Cadelo igitur, filio Rotherici magni, descende- runt principes Sudwallife. De Mervino principes Nort- wallia3, in hunc modum; David^ filius Oenei, Oeneus filius Griphini, Griphinus filius Canani, Cananus filius lago, lago filius Ythewal, Ythewal filius Meuric, Meuric filius Anaudrech, Anaudrech filius Mervini, 115 b. Mervinus filius Rotherici magni.

Do Anaraut autem generatio non provenit. Unde et principes Powisise suam habent per se genera- tionem.

Hoc etiam ^ milii notandum vidctur, quod bardi As pre- Kambrenses, et cantores, seu recitatores, genealogiam th"ancient

habent priedictorum principum in libris eorum anti- books of

the bards.

’ hodic prcEcst^l V. N. D. ; diebus nostris praefuit, Rd., Camden. Ehys ab GnifFudd died in 1197.

•- David Jilius Oenei’] V. N. D. ; Leuellnus filius lorwerth, lorwerth filius Oenei, lid., Camden. Lly-

welyn ab lorwerth drove his imcle David froni North Wales, and ob- tained the sovereignty, in 1194. See Itin., siipra, 134.

^ cliam’] N., Camden ; et, V. ; tamen, D. ; autem, Kd.

168

DESCRIPTIO KAAIBIUiE.

(|uis et authenticis, sed tamen Kambrice scriptam ; eandemque memoriter tenent, a Rotherico magno nsque ad beatam Virginem,^ et inde nsque ad Silvium, Ascanium, et Eneam ; et ab Enea usque ad Adam generationem linealiter producuut. Sed quoniam tam longinqua, tam - remotissima generis enarratio, multis trutanica potius quam historica esse videretur, eam huic nostro compendio inserere ex industria super- sedimus.

’ beatam Virgineni] So all the MSS. Powel makes out, in a note to this passage (Camden, 883), that Uiraldus no doubt wrote B. M., i.e. Beli Mawr, or Belinus Magnus, frem ■whom a!l the princely families of “Wales traced their descent, and whose name, of very frequent occur- rence, ‘was often so contracted in the AVelsh pedigrees ; and that ig- norant Mariolatrous scribes con- vertid Giraldus’s B. M. into ’ bea- " tam Mariam,” for ■vvhich others afterwards -wrote " beatam Virgi- " nem." AU this sounds very like truth ; but there are serious objec- tions to it. In the first place, it is diflficult to believe that so raanj’ ^Mariolatrous scribes could possiblj- have concurred in allowing their pens to multiply such blasphemy as tliat the blessed Ever-Virgin, the mother of God, was also the mother of a mers man. Moreover, the en- tire evidence of the i\ISS. of Giral- dus is -whoUy against Powers sup position : had I found a single instance, where a MS. even so far favoured it as to give “beatam <* Mariam " instead of " beatam

" Virginem,” I should have felt far less difficulty in accepting his suppOsition ; but in no MS. that I have examined, — and I have ex- amined many more than those whose readings I record in my notes, — is the reading other thaa " beatam Virginem."

.It seems to me that the true so- lution of the difficulty is perhaps this ; viz., that " usque ad beatani " Virginem " means simply, Up to tlie time of the blessed Virgin. And Giraldus’s thus introducing her name was not at all unnatural, because, in some Welsh pedigrees, Beli Mawr is said to have had for wife Anna cousin of the blessed Virgin. In the pedigree of Owain, son of Howel the Good, in an 11 th centuryMS. in the British Museum, Iiis desceut is ti’aced to " Amalech, " qui fuit Beli ilagni filius ; et " Anna mater ejus, quac dicituresse " consobrina ?-Iaria; Virginis, ma- " tris Domini nostri Jesu Christi." Annal. Camb. preface, x.

• tarn] V. N. D. ; tamque, Kd., Camden.

HBEll I, CAP. IV.

169

[Cap. IV.]

Quot cantaredos Wallia contineat, quot curias princi- pales, et quot seden cathedrales.

Coutinet autem Sudwallia cantaredos viginti novem, Number of Norwallia duodecim, Powisia sex : quorum tamen -vyaies^^ ‘° hodie tres^ ab Anglis et Francis occupati sunt. Terra namque, quae - Slopesburia dicitur, olim pars ^ Powisiiie fuerat. Unde et locus, ubi nunc castrum Slopesburipe situm est, olim Penguern, id est Caput alneti vocaba- tur.

Tres etenim fuerant Wallia? totius curia) principales,* Thc three Dynevur in Sudwallia ; modernis diebus, antiquitus coum of enim apud urbem Legionum erat ; Aberfrau in Nord- Wales. wallia ; Penguern in Powisia. Est itaque numerus omnium cantaredorum totius Wallise quinquaginta qua- tuor. Cantaredus autem, id est ^ Cantref, a Cant quod est centum et Tref villa composito vocabulo, tam Eritannica quam Hybernica lingua dicitur tanta terrse portio, quanta centum villas continere solet.

Sunt autem in Wallia sedes catliedrales quatuor. The four

In Sudwallia Menevensis, super Hybernicum mare ; gg^g ^ ‘^^

David archiepiscopo patrocinante. Hasc antiquitus St.David’s;

metropoUtana fuerat, et cantaredos continebat vio-iuti ^"’■f^^rly

^ ….. metropoh-

quatuor ; cum tamen hodie viginti tribus tantum con- tan.

tenta sit. Ergengel etenim, qua3 et Anglice Urchene-

feld dicitur, intra diocesim Menevensem olira ahquando, 116.

intra Landavensem quoque quandoque fuisse perhibe-

tur. Habuerat ^’ autem sedes Menevensis archiepiscopos S’«;jra,i02;

1 tres\ So the SISS. Camden has " multi."

• qiia’] D. Rd., Camden ; quas nuuc, V. N.

3 pars] V. N. D. Not in Kd., Camden.

•• See Itin., supra, 81, 1. 1.

5 id cit . . . villa] D. Ptd., Cam- deu. NotinV. N. Comparc /<m. supra, 127, 1. 10.

6 Habueraf] V. N. Rd.,Camden; Habebat, D.

170

UI^ISCRIPTIO KAMBRI^.

Llandaf.

and vol. successive viginti tres : ^ sublato vero pullio, episcopos usque in liodieruurn diem viginti quatuor. Quorum nomina et ordinem, causamque pallii sublati, si scire 5tf/;/v/,io3, volueris, nostrum Itinerarlum qua^ras.

In eadem quoque australi Wallia sedes Landavensis ; super mare Sabrinum, juxta nobile castrum de Kair- dif ; pr?esulc Teliao pra)sidente ; quinque continens cantaredos, et quartam partem unius, scilicet Seigh- enith.

In NortwaUia, inter Moniam et montes Ereri sedes Bangorensis, Danielis abbatis patrocinio gaudens, can- taredos continens circiter novem.

In eadem, paupercula cathedra Lanelvensis ; cui et Powisia subest, Asaph episcopo prtTesidente ; cantaredos continens quasi sex.

Bangor.

Llanchvy, or St. Asaph.

The two

raountain

ranges,

■from where

rise the

rivers of

Wales.

The Snow- don lakes : Itin. supra, 135.

[Cap. y.]

De duobus montanis ; a quibus aqum nobiles’^ ema- nantes, Walliam egvegie dividunt et distinguunt.

Scinditur autem et distinguituv aquis Wallia nobi- libus, qu8e ex montanis duobus originem habent ; Elennyth scilicet in Sudvvallia, qure Angli Moruge vo- cant, quasi paludum cacumina ; Ereri quoque in Nort- wallia, quse ^ Anglice Snaudune dicuntur, id est Nivium montes. Hsec tantse quantitatis et capacitatis esse perhibentur, quod si cuncta totius Walliae armenta in unum coacta fuerint, eis ad pascua multo temjDore sufficere possent. In his etiam duo lacus illi esse per- hibentur ; quorum alterum insulam erraticam, alterum

1 tres’] V. N. D. Rd., and Ist and 2nd editions of the lim. (svpra, 102, n. 3) ; “quinque” instead, iu Camden and 3rd edition of the Itin., and in the Dc Jiire, &fc. (vol. iii. 151).

•’ nobihs’] V. N. Rd., Camden, and D. (siipra, 159) in wish of chapters. But here D. has " nota- " biles."

■’ quce’] D. Rd., Camden ; qui, V. N.

LIJ5ER I, CAP. V.

171

autem pisces omnes monoculos certum est continere, sicut in Itincrario declaravimus.

" Notandum hic ctiam quocl iu Albania quoque, duobus in Tlie one- " locis, imo ad maro oricutalo, altcro ad occidentalc, pisces ^’^’^ " marini qui Mulvclli dicvmtur monoculi reperiuntur ; dextrum ^^^^11^^^ . " similiter oculum habcntcs, ct sinistro carcntes." ibid., lOG.

De montanis igitur Elennyth nobilis emanat Sabrinaj The rivcr fluvius, castrum Slopesburiie complectcns ; deindo per itg^coursc • nobile castrum Brugense, per urbem quoque Wigorniag, per Gloverniam ferreara atque fabrilem ; sub qua paucis passuum milibus in mare descendit, quod et ab ejus iieb. quoque nomine Sabrinum mare nomcn accepit. Hsec the ancitnt aqua, multis olim temporibus, inter Kambriam et of “val^eJ LoegTiam, hoc est inter Walliam et Angham, marchia and Kng- fuit. Hsec Britannice Havcren, a nomine puellae, filite orj„‘in of scilicet Locrini, ibi a noverca submersa, vocata est. i<s ‘:in»e ; Unde et Latine, mutatione aspirationis in S, ut in [\ 5^ distortis a Graeco in Latinum fieri solet, dicta est Sabrina. Sicut pro hal, sal ; hemi, semi ; hepta, sep- tem.

Waige ’ fluvius, ab eisdem quoque montanis [de] ^ The river Elennyth, per Haise castnun et CliforditB, per urbem course. ^ ^ Herefordise, per castellum de Wiltona et castellum Godricii discurrens, silvam quoque Danubice ferro fertilem atque ferina transpenetrando, usque ad^ Stri-The

modern boundary

gulense castrum, sub quo et iu mare dilabitur, et Angliam ibidem a Wallia separans modernis diebus of AVaies marchiam facit. hmd^°^’

Oscha* vero non ab Elennyth, sed a montanis deTheriver Cantref bochari originem trahens, per principale castrum ^^^’ de Brecheniauc, quod Aberhotheni dicunt, id est Ca- sum Hotheni, scilicet in Oscliam ; Aber enim Britannice dicitur locus omnis, ubi aqua in aquam cadit ; per castrum de Abergevenni, per Oschse castrum, per anti-

" \Vaia:;\ D. ; Vagx”, V. N. Kd.

• de] D. Not in V. N. Kd., Camden.

3 aJ] V. N. D. Not iu Kd.^ Camden.

• Oscha^ D. ; Osca, V. N. Kd.

172

DESCRIFTIO KAMmili*:.

The river Khymni.

quam et {luthenticain Legionuni urbeni descendens, non procul a Novoburgo in Sabrinum niare demer- gitur.

Remni lluvius de montanis de Brecheniauc per cas- tellum et pontem de Remni in mare descendit. Etab

TheTaf. eisdem montanis Taph per sedem cathedralem de Lan- daf, cui et nomen dedit, usque ad castrum de Kairdif, ubi se raari immiscet, impetuose transcurrit.

De montibus Wlatmorgan,^ inter egregia Cyster- ciensis ordinis coenobia, de Margan scilicet et Neth,

The Avan, Avenme fluvius, et Netli de montibus Brecheniauc,-’ vivo sabulo et absorbente terribiles in mare deprope- rant. Neth fluvio juxtacastellum de Neth profluente.

The Tawe. De montanis quoque ^ de Brecheniauc * Tawe fluvius

The per castellum de Abertawe, quod Anglice Sweynesia

yc^wyr. (j^gj^^^^jj.^ Locher per castellum de Loholt, et Wendraith

The Gwen- per Kedwely, in profundum dilabuntur. Ab Elen-

TheTVsvi nyth iterum nobile flumen Tewi, Cantrefraaur. et Can- trefbochan ab invicem separans, per castrum Lanam- deveri, per castellum Dynevur silvis et situ munitissi- mum, ubi et principalis Sudwalli£e curia fuerat, per nobile castrum de Kairmerdhin, ubi et Merlinus in- ventus fuerat, a quo et noraen accepit, usque ad cas- tellura de Landestephan in mare transfertur.

De montanis de Presseleu, non procul ab Albte domus raonasterio, per castellum de Sancto Claro, non

The Taf. longe ab Abercorran et Talach/ir Taph fluvius ^ in mare devolvitur.

De raontanis eisdem duo Cledeu, provinciam de Dugledeu complectentes, eique de suo nomine nomen donantes, alter per castellum de Lanwadein, alter per Haverfordiam, in raare decurnmt. Et dicuntur Bri- tannice Dugiedeu, quasi duo gladii.

The two

rivers Cleddy.

1 Wlatmorgan^ D. lld. ; eisdem, V.K

• de iiiontibus Brechenianc’] D- Kd. Not in V. N..

‘^ qiwque] D. Kd. Not in V. N.

■4 Brecheniauc] D. Ed. ; Cantef- bochan, V. N.

6 Tuphfluvius’] D. In Ed. and Camden it comes before, after ’’ Presseleu." Not at all in V, N.

LIBER I, CAP. V. 17:1

A montibus autem ^ Elennitli «aqua Teivi nobilis The Teivi. emanat, a superiori pai’te Cantrefinaur et Kerdigan, non procul ab armcntis opimo de Stratflur monasterio, inferius autem Demetiam et Kerdigan usque in Ily- bernicum mare longe disterminans. Hiiec aqua sola in Beavers in Kambria castores habet. Quorum miracula si scirc “** ^^^^^’ volueris, Itinerarivm qua?ras. Salmone quoque pr?e- pingui, prse cunctis Cambria^- fluviis, magis abundat.

Sed quoniam in inultorum forte manus liber iste devoniet ad quas non ille, multaque de castoribus specialia reperies et notabilia, qusedam et hic inter- serere pneter rem non putavi. " Dc hnjus enim bestia^ Account of " natura, qualiter a silvis ad aqiias materiam vehant ; quanto •p*’” Tf^" " artificio ex attracta’ materia mediis in flnctibus munimcnta stmra 115. " connectant; quam defensionis artem contra venatores in " occidente pra^tendaut, quam in orientc ; do caudis quoque " pisceis, ut aiunt, potius quam carneis, pauca interserere " non iuutile reputavi.’’

" Castores enim, ut castra sibi in fluviis construant, sui " goneris servis pro rheda utentes, a silvis ad aquas lignea " robora miro vecturaj modo contrahuut ct conducunt. Qui- 117 b. " dam enini ex eis, naturas imperio servire parati, ligna ab " aliis prajcisa, ventT-iquc supino imposita, quatuor pedibns " complcctentes, lignoque in ore ex transverso locato, dcnti- " bus ab aliis hinc inde coha^rentibus, retrogradeque trahcn- " tibus, non absque intuentium admiratione, simul cum oncri- " bus attrahuntur. Simili quoque naturaj artificio, in scrobium " purgationc, quas sibi i^edibus in terra fodiendo scalpendo- " que conformant, meloti ^" utuntur. In utroquc vero anima- " lium genere, servi notabiles invcniuntur tam degencrante " quadam naturaj deformitate, quam abrasa et attrita dorso- " rum depilatione.

’ autem’] D. Rd. ; etiam, V. N., Camden.

• This is about the only instance ■wheie D. has Cambria, and not

tition about the beaver, with " Re- " liqua vide supra pag. 861," the page of his Itin. where the account of the beavcr beains.

Kambiia. ^ meloti’] D. Rd. ; melotaj, Y. N.

•" e.r attracta"] V. K. D., Ilin. ; And so in the Itin., the Ist and 2nd

extracta, Rd., Camden. editions have " melotse," but tiie 3rd,

■• Camden here stops in this repe- | " meloti ;" auprci, 11 5, n. 7.

174

DESCRTPTIO KAMP.RI^..

Tlie bi-aver. Itin. supra, 110.

" In aHc|uo vero profuiulissimo fluvii ’ angulo et pacifico, " in castrorum conslructionc tanto artificio ligna connectunt, ** nt nec aquiu stilla de facili penetrando subintret, ncc ])ro- " cella? vis labefactando concutiat: nec- violcntiam quamlibet " prfctor humanam, et hanc ferro munitam reformidcnt.

" Ex salicum autem ramis in castrorum constructione ligna " connectunt ; soliisquo variis in altum, quantum aqua ex- " crescere solet et ultra, ostiis interius a solio in solium " aptatis, machinam distinguuut ; ut juxta fluminis incrementa, " fluctuantes undas cum voluerint ab alto despicere valeant. " Ex salicibus autem, ut iicr annuos crcscendo* salicum saltus " hispidum exterius silvescat arbustum; tota interius arte " latente.

" Hoc animal in aquis ad libitum perdurat; et sub eisdem, " more bufonum, velutique phocaj pilosae qua9 fluxum maris " atquc refluxum lenitatc pilorum et hispiditate declarant, " halitum fovet.

" Sub aquis igitur indiff^erenter et sub divo, tria haec ani- " malium genera spiritum trahunt. Suntquo tibiis curtis, " corporc lato, caudis millis vel quasi mutilatis ; ct talpis " (luodammodo, sive mclotis, in corporis compositione con- " formia,

" Notandum etiam qiiod quatuor hasc solum dentes bestia " pra^fert; oris antcriori parte duos supra, et duos inferius e " contra; eisque, latis i^lurimum et acutis, tanquam dolabris " utitur ad secandum.

" Habent autem in proxima castris ripa scrobes subterra- " neas, latibulaque munitissima in sicco. Ad quae venator ^* " explorans dum prreacutis sudibus desuper transpenetrare " molitur, ictum audiens, et violentiam timens, quamcitius " ad castri munimenta se bestia confert. Scd primo ad ipsum " foraminis ingressum in ripa residens, aquam exsufl3at, pedi- " bus scalpendo^ terram immiscet, et- ex limpida visuique " pervia turbidam reddit et ccenulentam, ut sic hostis a ripa " cum fuscina ferrca saltum observantis artem arte deludat.

’ ’ In eois autem " regionibus, cum canes narium sagacitate

1 fluvii] D. Rd. and Itin. ; fluvi- orum, V. N.

• nec\ V. N. Ed. and Itin. ; sed, D.

^ crescendo] D. Rd. and Itin. Not in V. N.

^ venator’] V. N. Rd. and Itin. Not in D.

^ pedibus scalpendo’] D. Ed. Not in V. N. In like manner it is in the 3rd edition of the Itin., but not in the Ist and 2nd. See supra, 117, n. 1.

" autem] N. D. Rd. and Itin, ; que, V. ; quoque, Hc.

1JP.ER I, CAP. V.

170

" seqiientes so nullatciiua effiigero posso prfesentit, ut damno The

" partis totum rodimat, partem (luam appcti naturali industria l^eavcr.

" novit projiciendo, venatoris m prospcctu’ seipsam bcstui jj- ’ '

" castrat. Unde ct a castrando Castor nomen acccpit. Prse-

" terea, si bestiam praecastratam canes iterum forto perse-

" quantur, ad ominentem se statim conferons locum, coxa in

" altum elevata, partem venatori quam appotit prajcisam

" ostendit. De quibus- Cicero in Rcauriana; ’ Redimunt se

" " ex illa parte corporis, propter quam maxime expetuntur."

" Juvenalis ;

" ’ Qui so

" ’ Eunuchum ipse facit, cupiens evadere damno

" " Testiculi."

" Et Bcrnardus ;

" ’ Prodit item castor proprio de corporo velox " * Reddere quas sequitur hostis avarus opes.’

" Sic igitur ut hinc pellem, quae in occidente qureritur, " tueri valeat, illinc partis medicinalis qua3 in oriente diligi- " tur largitione, totum quanquam tamen non totum conservet, " mirabili, no dicam ingenio, vi quadam ingenita et quasi " discretiva, venatoris astutiam vitare molitur.

" Notandum quoque quod castores caudas habent latas et " non longas, in modum palmse humanas spissas ; quibus " tanquam pro remigio natando fnuguntur. Cumque totum " corpus reliquum valde pilosum habeant, hanc partem omni " pilositate carentem, in morem phocas marinaa,’* planam " habent et levigatam. Unde et in Germania, arctoisquc " regionibus, ubi abundant beveres, caudis hujusmodi, pis- " cium ut aiunt naturam tam sapore quam colore sortitis, " viri etiam magui et religiosi jejuniorum tempore pro pisce 118 b. " vescuntui’."

A montibus eisdem Escud erumpit ; et superiores The river

Kereticee regionis partes de Penwetbig * transpenetrando, ^^>’"-

sub castro^ Aberescud in mare descendit.

^ prospcctu’] N. D. and Idn,; conspectu, V. Hc. Kd.

• De quibus …. avarus opes’] These quotations in D. Ed. Not in V. N. In like manner they are in the 3rd edition of the Itin., but not

in the Ist and 2nd. See supra, 117, n. 2.

’ wianna] D. Ed. and Iti?i. Not in V. N.

^ de Penwethig’] D. ; de Penweic, Rd. Not in V. N.

5 castro’] D. Kd. Not in V. N.

170 DESCRTPTIO KAMBRIyE.

The Dyvi. A niveis autem Ereri niontibiis noLilis Devi fluvius

originem trahens, Sudwalliani a Nortwallia longe dis-

Thc rivers eernit et distinguit. AL eisdem quoque montibus Mau

eth Mawr, Auvius magnus emanans, Trait maur et Trait bochan,

and Tras j(^[ est Tractus Maris ^ major et minor, Dissennyth -

Dysynwy, similiter, et Arthro, per Tkleirionith et terram Canani

and Artro. diiabuntur. Cunewe vero de sub Ereri pede boreali

v/y. montis emergens, sub nobili castello Dugannu se ma-

rinis undis immiscet. A latere montis ejusdem, per

TheClwyd. eastellum Rudhelan, ^ et sic usque* in mare Cloid dila-

The Dwfyr bitur. De lacu Pemmelesmere Deverdoe, ^ quam Angli

j)ej?" Deiam vocant, originem ducens, et per Cestriam cm"-

rens, longeque a latere dextro silvam de Coleshulle,

Basingeworc, et divitem non procul inde argenti venam,

vivum ^ et absorbens mare influendo sabulum lacit ; et

inter Angliam et Walliam a parte boreali, sicut et

Waia" ab australi, moderno tempore marchiam facit.

[Cap. VI.]

De amoenitafe Walliw et fertilitate.

Compa- Totius autem Wallipe, sicut australis pars circa regi-

North and onem Kereticam, et prsecipue Demetiam, campestri

South planitie, maritimoque litore longe amcenior, sic bore-

alis Venedotia et situ terrarum munitior, et robustis

virorum corporibus fecundior, uberique gleba fertilior

1 Maris’] V. N. Ed. Not in D. | » castellum Rudkelan] D. Rd. ; Compare Itin., siipra, 123, 1. 22. ^ castellum de Rothelant, V. N. This clause is given very incorrectly in Camden ; made utter nonsense of.

• Dissennyth . . . ylrthro] D. Rd. Not in V. N. Compare Itin., supra, 124, where also is mention of these rivers in the 3rd edition of the trcatise, hut not in the Ist or 2Dd.

•* uscjue’] D. Rd. Not in V. N.

• Deverdoe] D. ; Devardoeu, Rd.; Benerdu, V. N. Dwfyr Dwy, the Welsh name of the river Dee.

•■ vivum’] V. N. Rd., Camden ; vivumque, D.

" ^Vaia] D. ; Vaga, V. N. Rd., Camden.

LIBER I, CAP. VT. 177

esse dignoscitur. Sicut enim ^ niontes Ereri ciinctis Thc pas- Wallia3 totius armentis in unum coactis ad pascua, sic snowdon insula Monire triticei m-aminis fertilitate toti Wallia3 »"(1 com- fertur aliquamdiu sufficere posse. Unde et Monia Anglesea. Mamkembre Britannice, id est Mater Kambrise, dici solet.

Merionyth autem et terra Canani prse aliis omnibus hispida nimis cst et inacessibilis.

Pars ista Wallise lanceis longis praestat ; sicut aus- Lances of tralis, et prsecipue circa Wintse fines, arcu solet ^nd bows* prsevalere. “^ the

Notandum etiam, quia ^ in Nortwallia lingua Britan- ^9. nica delicatior, ornatior, et laudabilior, quanto alienigenis I^anguage terra illa impermixtior, esse perhibetur. Kereticam North the tamen in Sudwallia regionem, tanquam in medio P^rest. Kambrijie ac meditullio sitam, lingua preecipua uti et^ laudatissima plerique testantur. Cornubia vero, et Language Armorica Britannia, lingua utuntur fere persimili ; ^^1^°^^ Kambris tamen, propter originalem convenientiam, in Bretagne multis adhuc et fere cunctis ‘* intelligibili. Quse, quanto ^^J^]^ delicata minus et incomposita magis, tanto antiquo linguse Britannicse idiomati magis, ut arbitror, appro- priata. Sicut in australibus Anglise ^ finibus, et prse- Language cipue circa Devoniam, Anglica lingua hodie magis g ^^^ „, videtur incomposita : ea tamen, vetustatem ^ longe plus Engiand,’ redolens, borealibus insulse partibus per crebras Da- shire^espe- corum et Norwagiensium ‘^ irruptiones valde corruptis . ciaily, originalis linguse proprietatem, et antiquum loquendi that of the modum magis obsei^vat. Cujus etiam rei nou solum ^orth. argumentum, sed et^ certitudinem incle habere potes.

1 enini] V. N. D. Not in Rd,, Camden.

? quia] D. Rd. ; quod, V. N.

3 ef] N. D. Rd. ; et etiam, V. Hc.

• etfere cunctis] D. Not in V. N. Rd. has " et fere " onlj. j « e^ ^. Rd. ; etiam, V. N

YOL. VI. M

’ Angliee] V. N. Rd., Camden ; Anglorum, D.

" vetustatem] D. Rd. ; vetustate, V. N.

’ et Norwagiensium] D. Rd. Not in V. N.

178

liESCRIPTTO KAMBRIiE.

Old Eng- quod omnes liLros Anglicos Bedfio, Rahani, regis Aelu- written in ^ed], vel alioruni quoriiinlibet, sub luijus idiomatis thisidioni. proprietate scriptos invenies.

[Cap. VII] JJnde dicta sit Kamhria, et unde Wallia.

Origin of thc name Kambria.

sons of Brutus.

119 h.

Dicta est autem Kambria a duce Kambro, Bruti filio. Brutus etenim ab Enea,^ mediantibus avo As- canio et patre Silvio, descendens, et Trojanorum reli- quias, qui in Grecia detenti fuerant, in occiduam hanc insulam ducens, cum annis non paucis feliciter regnas- set, ct tam terrte quam genti de suo nomine nomina dedisset, in extremo tandem positus articulo, tribus The three filiis suis regnum Britannia3 totale divisit. Primo et ^ primrevo, scilicet Locrino, medium illud et meditullium inter Humbrum et Sabrinam ; quod et ab ejus nomine Loegria vocatur. Juniori^ vero, Albauacto, totam trans Humbrum insulte partem ; quae et ab ejus nomine Albania dicitur. Medio* vero, scilicet Kambro, totam trans Sabrinam regionem ; qu?e similiter et ejus nomine Kambria nomen accepit. Hinc igitur proprie et vei"e patria Kambria, hinc patriotse Kambri dicuntur, vel Kambrenses. Eorum autem qui Kembraec, lin- guam Kambricam, a Kam Grgeco, hoc est, distorto Grseco, propter linguarum affinitatem, quse ob diutinam in Grecia moram contracta est, dictam asserunt,^ pro- babilis quidem et verisimilis est, minus tamen vera relatio.

1 ab Enea] V. N. Hc. Not in D. Rd.

2 et] V. N. D. Not in Rd., Cam- den.

3 Juniori’] V. N. D. ; Medio, Rd., Camden. Albanact was the younger son; Geoffirey ii., 1.

•• Medio] V. N. D. ; Natu minori, Rd., Camden.

^ diclam asserunt] D. Not in V. N. Rd. And these have no " dictam " dicunt " before, after " Kam ’’ GrsRco,” as iu Camden.

LTBER I, CAP. Vir. 179

Wallia vero non a Walone duco, vcl Wendoloena Gcoffroy,

Tegina, sieut fabulosa Galfridi Arthuri mentitur his- ^"" ^^’

toria ; quia revera neutrum eorum ^ apud Kambros

invenies ; sed a barbarica potius nuncupatione nomen Origin of

istud inolevit. Saxones enim, ^ occupato reOTO Britan- *^"^ barba-

^ " rous name

nico, quoniam hngua sua extraneum omne Wallicum Waiiia. vocant, ct gentes has sibi extraneas Walenses vocabant. Et inde, usque in liodiernum, ‘^ barbara nuncupatione et homines Walenses, et terra Wallia vocitatur.

Sed quoniam de qualitate terroe et quantiiate, de generatione principum, origine fluminum, et ratione nominum hactenus explicuimus, naturam gentis et pro- prietatem evolvere subsequenter aggredieraur.

[Cap. VIIL]

De gentis hujus oiahioxi, moribus, et cultu. Et primo, de audacia ejusdem* agilitate, et animositate.

Gens igitur hfBC gens levis et agills, gens aspera Characters magis quam robusta, gens armis dedita tota. Non ^yIisIi enim nobiles hic ^’ solum, sed totus populus ad arma All given paratus : bellica tuba sonante, non segnius ab aratro ° ^"°^ ruricola, quam aulicus ab aula prorumpit ad arma. Non etenim hic, ut alibi,

" Redit agricolis labor actus in orbem." Virg.

Georg. ii.

Solum quippe Martio et Aprili, solum semel aperiunt ip^-. ad avenas : nec bis in sestate, tertioque ^ in hieme^ cuiture.° ad tritici trituram terras vertendo laborant. Totus Their food. propemodum populus armentis pascitur et avenis, lacte,

• eorum’] D., Ed. ; istomtn^V. N. 1 of Chaptere supra, 159; ejus, Ed.

2 enim] N. D. Rd. ; vero, V. Hc. ^ hodiermim] V. D. Rd.; hodier- num diem, N. Hc.

■• ejusdem] V. N. D. ; and Table

Camden.

5 hic] D. Rd. ; hii, V. N.

" tcrtioque’] V. N. Ed., Camden.; tertio, D.

M 2

180

DESCRIPTIO KAMBRIiE,

No mer-

chandise,

&c.

Their pa-

triotism,

and love of

liberty.

Virg. iEn. viii. 648. Their unarmed Taloiir.

Lucan,

Tharsal. i. ^.-JS.

Their arms.

caseo, et butyro. Carne plenius, pane pareius vesci solent.

Non mercimoniis, non navigiis, non meclianicis arti- bus, nec ullo prorsus nisi martio labore vexantui*. Patrifti tantum tutcla^ student, et libertatis : pro patria pugnant, pro libertate laborant : pro quibus ^ non solum ferro dimicare, verum etiam vitam dare dulce videtur. Unde et in toro turpe, in bcllo raori decus reputant. Ac si ^ illud poetse aperte dixerint :

" Procul hinc avertite pacem : " Nobilitas cum pace perit."

Nec mirum, si non degenerant. Quorum etenim lii reliquise olim,

" Eneadse in lerrum pro libertate ruebant." De his igitur hoc spectabile, quod nudi multoties cum ferro vestitis, inermes ^ cum armatis, pedestres * cum equitibus congredi non verentur. In quo ple- rumque conilictu sola fiunt agilitate et animositate victores ; illis quorum poeta sic meminit, sicut situ, sic et natura non dissimiles ;

" Populi quos despicit Arctos, " Felices errore suo ; quos ille timorum " Maximus haud urget leti metus. Inde ruendi " In ferrum mens prona viris, animseque capaces " Mortis, et ignavum rediturae parcere vitse."

Armis tamen utuntur levibus, agilitatem non impedi- entibus ; loricis minoribus, sagittarum ^ manipulis, et

• quibus’] V. N. Hc, Camden ; civibus, D. Rd.

• Ac si . . . . perit] This in D. Rd., and corruptly ia Camden. Not in V. N. I have failed to identify the quotation. Lucan has (Pkarsal. ii. 101) “Nobilitas cum plebe " perit.”

^ inermes^ D. Rd. ; inermi, V.

N.

■1 pcdesfresl V. N. D. ; pedites, Rd., Camden.

5 In V. N., and in all the many later manuscripts of the first edition, without one exception, there is here a very large omission, viz., of the

LIBER I, CAP. VIII. 181

lanceis longis ; galeis, et clipeis, ocreisque ferreis rarius. Equis autem cursoribus et generosis, quos patria gignit, nobiliores ad bella feruntur. Pars autem populi major, Gcnurally propter terras palustres pariter et inajquales, ad pr?elia f^^^ °" pedestres incedunt. Equites autem, pro locorum et temporum opportunitate, seu fugiendo seu fugando ’ facile pedites fiunt. Nudis autem pedibus ambulant ; Go bare- vel coi-io crudo consutis barbaris pro calciamento pero- °°’^ ’ nibus utentes. Pacis quoque et juventutis tempore, Trainingof silvas et saltus transpenetrare, montium alta transcm– jn^^ti^e of rere, dies huic labori noctibus continuare, ex industria peace. piiiediscunt ; et quasi sub pacc prrelia duni cogitant, nunc lanceando, nunc sagittando, " bella pra^ludunt.

Ulud autem in hoc loco notandum videtur, quod Henry ll.’s

«1 TT • T j- 1 i • • testimony

Anglorum rex Henricus secundus, diebus nostris, im- ^^ ^j^gjj. ■’

peratori Constantinopolitano Manueli, supcr insulse braverj-.

Britannicse situ ac natura, magisque notabilibus, literis

et nuntiis inquii-enti, inter cetera hoc quasi pr?ecipue

notabile rescripsit. In quadam insulje parte sunt

gentes, qua3 Walenses dicuntur, tantce audacise et au-

dacitatis,^ ut nudi cum armatis congredi non verean-

tur ; adeo ut sanguinem pro patria fundere promp-

tissima?.

" Vitamque velint pro laude pacisci." Virg. ^n.

V. 230.

Quod et mirandum, quia bestire per totam propemo-

remainder of this chapter, the eight foUowing chapters, and part of the next one. After sagittarum foUows directly, in all these manuscripts, -without any break or other sign ■whatever of dislocation, “vesci " solent. Agris igitur plurimum " utuntur pascuis, &c.,” as in about the middle of Cap. 17 infra, 201, n. 2, For this portion of the treatise thus

manuscript of the first edition, — I have therefore only the manuscripts D. and Rd. of the 2nd edition, -with v.hat aid Camden may give rae, upon which to form my text.

^ seufugiendo, seu fugando] D. . seu dimicando, seu fugiendo, Rd., Camden.

• sagittando’] D. ; fatigando, Rd., Camden.

missiug, so far a.s I have been able ■’ audacitalis] I).; serenitatis,

to see, in every now known existing 1 Rd. ; fcrocitatis, Camdcn.

182

DKSCKIPTIO KAMlilUii:.

duni insultu faciem quasi luansuescuut, liomines vero

pnedicti ^ bestiales mansuescere nesciunt,

120 b. in tanta quoque multitudine ob pacem eis indultam

tl)eS’eak ^’^^ ievixiy pra3cipueque cervi et damie abundant, ut in

(listiict, borealibus insulio finibus versus Pech,- nostris diebus, tranipling , • • . • , • i

dogs and canes eorumque duces m impetu numerositatis suai ad

meu to iuteritum cervi suppeditaverint. death. ^ ^

[Cai>. IX.]

De sobna ejusdem ccena, et i-)arcimonia.

Great tem- Prssterea, nec crapula3 dediti nec temulentise ; — qui- ^eWelsh. ^^^^ ^®^ coense nec vestium^ ulla sumptuositas, sed in equis solum et armis, eorumque apparatibus, tota versatur intentio ; quibus ad patrise priedseque tuitio- nem mens semper erecta; — a mane in’* vesperam jejuni, totum rebus agendis animum, totum consiliis et pro- videntipe diem donant. Vespere vero coena sobria. Their en- j]^ ^:^ forte nulla vel minima fuerit, vesperam alteram

durance of . .

hunger patieutcr exspectant. Et tamen nec fame nec frigore andcold. ^.ardati, ad hostiles irrogandum invasiones noctes tene- brosas diligunt et procellas.^

[Cai’. X.] De hospitalitate et dapsilitate. Nobeggars Nemo iu hac sente mendicus. Omnium enim hos-

amongst . . ° . -r •

theWelsb. pitia omnibus sunt communia. Largitatem " quippe, et pr^ecipue ^ dapsiHtatem, curictis virtutibus anteponunt.

’ prcBclicii} D. ; projecti, Rd., Camden.

• jPet7t] D., Camden ; Peake, Ed. The district of the Teak, Derbyshire.

^ vestium’} Kd., Camden ; ves- cium, D.

^ z«] D., Camden ; ad, Rd.

^ procellas] D. Rd. ; procellosas, Camden.

^ j)racipue] D., Camden. Not inRd.

LlliEll 1, CAP. X.

183

Adeo iienipe ^ hospitalis hic- gratia communione Iseta- Their tur, quod itinerantibus ea nec offeratur nec petatur. i^o^^t^^y, Tantum etenim, domum intrantes, protinus^ arma custodite tradunt : deinde statim aquam offerentibus bi pedes ablui permiserint, hospitio suscepti sunt ; aquiB nimirum pedibus oblatio hospitalis apud hanc gentem ^ est invitatio. Obsequium autem oblatum si forte recusant, matutinas recreationes et non hospitia volunt.

Per turbas igitur et familias, capite sibi priTefecto, gentis hujus juventus incedit ; solum armis et otio data, patria^que defensioni’* promptissima. Unde et tecta cujuslibet veluti propria secure subintrant.

Qui matutinis autem horis adveniunt, puellarum The com- affatibus et cithararum modulis usque ad vesperam ^^^^ ^^ delectantur. Domus enim hic qupelibet puellas habet, music, al- et citharas, ad hoc deputatas, Unde et duo notabilia ^r vlskors! hic reperies ; quia zelotypire vitio sicut nulla magis No Irish quam Hybernica, sic nuUa minus quam Kambrica-‘f °".’^: gens laborat ; omnes quoque de curia seu familia viri, in the harp. citra doctrinam omnem, citharizandi per se peritiam 121. tenent. Vespere vero, cessantibus jam adventantium turbis, juxta numerum virorum et dignitatem, juxta domus’ quoque facultatem, exhibitio procmatur. Ubi The sunple non ferculis multis, non saporibus et gularum irrita- mg^ ^q^ mentis ^ coquina gravatur ; non . mensis, non mappis, itsarrange- non ^ manutergiis, domus ornatur. Naturse magis stu- dent quam nitori. Unde coenantibus, non binis ut alibi, sed ternis, sckpis et herb^e viridi,^ scutellis etiani latis et amplis, fercula cuncta simul apponunt. Pani

ments.

" yteinpe"] D. Camden ; enim, Rd.

• protinus’] D., Camden ; Not in Bd.

•* genlem’] Rd., Camden. Not in D.

■• patriceque defensioni’] D., Cam- jjen ; ad patriac defensionem, Rd.

• irritamentis] D., Camden ; in- citamentis, Rd.

" non’] D. ; vel, Rd., Camden.

<■ viridi] D. ; viridis,Rd. ; nitida:» Canideu.

184

DESCEIPTIO KAMBltlil:;.

quoque tenui et lato, (^uotrdiano labore decocto, [cujus- n)odi ^ in veteri instrumento Lagana dici solent], interdum pulmentaria supponunt. Talibus olim usus est mensis puer ille nobilis, de cujus et hi se genere jactant, et cujus adhuc ex parte mores observant ; testante poeta,

Virg. Ain. " Heu mensas consumpsimus, inquit lulus."

The guests Cum autem certatim obsequiis familia tota deser-

by the viat,^ soli prse ceteris hospes et hospita semper astando

host and solicite cuncta perlustrant ; nec unquam, nisi post

plenani omnium refectionem, cibos sumunt ; ut si quis

forte defectus accidere debeat, in ipsos cadat.

AU sleep Demum autem, hora soporis instante, publico strato

the*com- ‘^^ P^i’ latera domus in longum, juncis solum tenuiter

mon room. insertis, panno quoque duro et aspero, quem patria

parit, qui et vulgari vocabulo- Brachan^ dicitur, super-

In the posito, communiter accumbunt. Nec alius eis nocte

asTn the^^^ cultus quam die : pallio namque tenui et interula

day. . solum omni tempore frigora pellunt: igne tamen sicut

die, sic et nocte tota, ad pedes accenso,* propinquoque ^

pariter concubantium calore multum adjuti. Cum

autem vel latus inferius tori duritia lassari, vel etiam

nimio superius algore frigescere coeperit, illico ad ignem

prosiliunt, de cujus beneficio promptissima utriusque

incommodi remedia quserunt ; et sic ad strata rever-

tentes, seque ** urgente grav<amine crebro vertentes,

alternis vicibus latus unum frigori, alterum vero du-

ritia3 donant.

" cujusmodi . . . ■loleiit"] Not in D. In Kd., Camden.

• descrviat] lld., Camden ; defcr- veat, D.

3 Braclian’] D. ; Brichan, Ed. ; Brychan, Camden.

• acccnso’] D., Camden ; accensa, Kd.

• propinquoque’} D. ; propinquo, Rd., Camden.

" seqiic . iu Kd., Cauiden.

vertentes’] D. Not

LIBER 1, CAP. XI.

185

[Cap. XI.]

Dc cHnium tonsura, dentium cultu, et barbce rasura.

Tam miilicribus autem iu hac gente, quam etiam How the maribus, ad aures et oculos tonsura rotunda. Mulieres ^^^^ ‘*^’°’"°-

WoinGn’s

autem peplo candido et amplo, more Partbico, in coro- turbans. nam per gradus erecto ^ capita velant.

Dentes vero in utroque sexu, pra3 omni quam vidi- Care of mus natione, propensius curant : quos assidua - coryli ^^^,’^ **j^’^ viridis confricatione,^ laneique ‘^ panni purgatione, tan- quam eburneos reddunt. Eorundem etiam cultuiie gratia, alimentis abstinent a ^ calidis ; frigidis autem, tepidis, et temperatis semper utuntur.

Barbam viri, prteter gernoboda solum, radere solent. No beard, Et banc non de novo, sed ab antiquo, longisque retro ^^^j^^ ™"^’ seculis, consuetudinem tenent : sicut ex libro de gestis in Cajsar’s Julii Cesaris, ab ipso conscripto, perpendi potest. j^ , ;[i ,, Ubi et ba?c verba reperies ; Biitonum gens ‘•’ omni Gall. v. 14. " parte corporis abrasa, prseter superius labrum."^ Solent enim, ut agiliores ficrent, etiam corais capita nudare ; casum Absolonis, quoniam silvas et nemora saspe percurnmt, vitare volentes. Unde et usque iu^ bodiernum gens hsec inferiorem quoque,^ prse gentibus aliis, pilositatem magis abradit.

Refert etiam Julius, quod Britones temporibus illis, Ibid. martio certamine cougressuri, facies suas vitreo quo- dam unguento liniebant ; unde et easdem tam luridas

’ erecto’] D., Camden ; erectara, Rd.

• assiV/Ka] D., Camden ; assidue, Ed.

3 confricatione’] D.,Camden; fri- catione, Ed.

. * laneique] D. ; lanei quoque, Rd., Camden.

^ «] D. Not in Rd., Camden.

^ superius labruni] D. Rd. Cffisar has " prffiter caput et labrum supe- " rius ;" and so Camden.

" ?n] D., Camden ; ad, Rd.

** quoquc] D. Not in Rd. Cam- den has it, but uo ‘* iufericrem."

186

DESCIUPTIO KAMBlilyE.

habebant ’ et perlucidas, ut vix ^ in eorum vultus, prajsertim solc repurcusso, hostes aciem intendere praivaluissent.

[Cap. XII.]

De ingenii acumine et subtllitate.

Tiieir Item, ingenii gens subtilis et’^ acuti. Cuicunque

andaciue- studio animum applicuerint, vena3 divitis dote prse-

ncss. celkmt. Totaque commimiter hiec natio, prae gentibus

aliis occiduo climate degentibus, arguta nimis est et

astuta.

Their skili In musicis instrumentis, tanta sonoritatis * dulce-

dine aures deliniunt et demulcent ; tanta modulorum

celeritate pariter et subtilitate feruntur ; tantamque ^

discrepantium ^ sub tam prsecipiti digitorum rapacitate

consonantiam prsestant ; quantam, ut breviter trans-

eam, in tribus nationibus, titulo De musicis instini-

mentis, Hihernica Topograplda nostra declarat in hsec

Vol. T. 153. verba. " Mirum quod, in tanta tamque ’ preecipiti digitorum

" rapacitate, musica servatur proportio; et arte per omnia

" indemni, inter crispatos modulos, organaque multipliciter

" intricata, tam suavi velocitate, tam dispari paritate, tam

" discordi concordia, consona redditur ct completur melodia.

122.   "  Seu   diatessaron    seu   diapente    chordce    concrepent,    semper 
     

" tamen a B molli incipiunt, et in idem redeunt, ut cuncta

" sub jocundEe sonoritatis dulcedine compleantur. Tam sub-

" tiliter modulos intrant et exeunt; sicque, sub obtuso gros-

" sioris chordge sonitu, gracilium tinnitus licentius ludunt,

’ habcbani] D., Camden ; habent, Ed. The words of Cajsar are : " Omues vero se Britanni vitro " inficiunt, quod coeruleum efficit " colorem, atque hoc horridiores " sunt iu pugna aspectu."

• vix’] D., Camden. Not in Ed., which has " non " instead after- ■wards, before " prsevaluissent."

^ et\ D. Not in Bd, Camden.

^ tanta sonoritatis] D. Not in Ed., Camden.

^ tantamque] Ed., Camden; tanta, D.

^ discrepantium] D., Camden ; discrepantiam, Ed.

’ tamque] D. ; tam, Ed., Cam- den, and Top. Hib.

LIBEll I, CAP. XII.

187

*’ latentius delectant, lasciviusque demulcent ; ut para artis " maxima videatur artem vclaro, tauquam

" " Si lateat," prosit; ferat ars deprensa pudorcm.’ Ov. Ars.

Am.ii.313. " Hinc accidit ut ea, quaa subtilius intucutibus, et artis ar- " caua acutc discerneutibus, iuternas et incffabiles comparaut " animi dclicias, ea uou attendentibus, sed tauquam- vidcndo " non videntibus, ct audiendo non iutelligcutibus, aurcs potius " onerent quam delectent, et tanquam confuso inordinatoquc " strepitu iuvitis auditoribus fastidia pariaut tu^diosa." Tribus Musical in- autein utuntur instrumentis ; citlmra, tibiis, et choro. ^*"^"^"^-

In causis, actionibus, et foro civili, captando, in- Tbeir sinuando, inveniendo, disponendo, refutando, et con- ^j°j|^qJ!?^° firmando, nullas penitus naturalis rhetoricae partes omittunt.

In cantilenis rhythmicis, et dictamine, tam subtiles Their inveniuntur, ut mirse et exquisita3 inventionis lingua son"s°&*c! propria tam verborum quam sententiarum proferant exornationes. Unde et poetas, quos Bardos vocant, Tli<-‘Bards. ad hoc deputatos in hac natione multos invenies ; juxta ilhid,

" Plurima^ concreti fuderunt carmina Bardi." Lucan,

Phars. i,

Prse cunctis tamen * rhetoricis exornationibus, annomi- “’^” natione magis utuntur ; eaque pra^cipue specie, quse Their lovc primas dictionum literas vel syllabas convenientia ^^ !’*^’^’ jungit.

Adeo igitur hoc verborum ornatu duse nationes, in commoa Angli scilicet et Kambri, in omni sermone exquisito v^*i-’^u^ utuntur, ut nihil ab liis eleganter dictum, nuUum egregium,^ nullum nisi rude et agreste censeatur elo-

1 The line of Ovid is :

" Si latet ars, prodest ; affert de- " prensa pudorem."

• lanquum’] Instead of this, " qua- bi " in Top. Hib.

^ The line of Lucan is :

" nurima|securi fudistis carmina, " Bardi."

^ tamcn’\ D. ; autem, Rd., Cam- den.

‘" nullum egregium} D. Not in Ed., Camden.

188

DESCmrTIO KAMCRI^.

quiiim, si non schcmatis hujus lima plene fuerit expolitum. Sicut Britannice in hunc modum ;

Instancea of this in Wflsh.

" Dychaun Dyu da dy unic." ^ " Erbyn dibuilh puilh paraut." ^ Anglice vero sic ; InEngiish. " Godis to gedere gamen and wisdom." ^

" Ne halt nocht alsor isaid, ne al sorghe atwite."*

" Betere is red thene rap, and ILste thene lither " streingthe." 2

In Latino quoque haud dissimiliter eloquio, eandem exornationem frequens est invenire. In hunc modum Virgilius ;

" Tales casus Cassandra canebat."

Et illud ejusdem ad Augustum ; ^

" Dum dubitet natura marem faceretve puellam, " Natus es, O pulcher, pene ’ puella, puer."

122 b.

In Latin also.

JEn. iii. 183.

’ Ovcr this line is interlined in T)., in very niinute letters, and by the sarae hand apparently as that of the text: " i.e. facere potest bene " Deus unico ; ac si diceret, homi- " nem potest juvare Deus, etsi " solus sit." This line in Rd. is : •’ Di gaun dub da y unic."

• Over this line, ih like manner, is in D. : " i.e. contra insensatum " sensum praepares." In Rd. it is, " Vrth pob kirbuil puyl paraut." Camden, very corrupt, is nearer to this than to the line of D.

^ Over this line again is, in D. : " i. e. bona est una cum jocundi- " tate sapientia." In Rd. this line is, " God is te gedere gamen an " wisedorae." This is the only one of the three Englibh lines that is given in Camden.

“* Over this line again is, in D. : " i.e. non attinet omne malmn suum " alii revelare, nec omne alterius " incommodum ei exprobrare.” The line in Rd. is, " Ne halt nozt al sel " isait, ne al sorely atwite."

^ Over this line again is, in D. : ‘• hoc est, plus valet deliberatio " quam praepropera festinatio, et " plus moderatio quam violentia." In Rd. this line is, ‘" Better is red " then yap, an wish then lidere " strength."

‘^ In the Catalecta Virgilii, &c. (ed. Scahger, 1617, p. 177), these lines are given, addressed not to Augustus, but “In puerum formo- " Rum.” Scaliger has ‘dubitat’ in the first line, instead of " dubitet."

’ pene’\ Rd., Camden, Scaliger ; peua, D.

LIBER I, CAP. XII.

189

In nulHs tamcn linguis, quas novimus, hrcc exor- natio adeo ut in prioribus duabus est usitata.

Mirum autem quod Gallica lingua, alias tam ornata, Not used hunc verborum ornatum, ab aliis tam usitatum, pror- j.^^^n^^^jj sus ignorat. Nec ego tamen id^ crediderim, quod priores populi duo, tam diversi ab invicem et adversi, in hoc verborum ornatu ex arte conveniaut, sed potius ex usu longo : qui, quia placuit solum, et facili simi- lium ad similia transitu aures demulcet, per succe- dentia tempora inolevit. Sicut Tullius, in libro De Cic, De Mocutione, de talibus qui usum habent et non artem ^^"’""^- loquitur, dicens ; " Ceteri, cum legunt orationes bonas, " aut poemata, probant oratores et " poetas ; neque " intelligunt quare commoti probent ; quod eo ^ scire " non possunt, ubi sit, aut quid sit, quomodo factum " sit id, quod eos maxime delectet."

[Cap. XIII.]

De sym,pJionicis eorum cantibus, ef^ cantilenis

organicis.

In musico modulamine, non uniformiter, ut alibi, Thc-ir sed multipliciter, multisque modis et modulis, canti- p^rf.s"^not lenas emittunt. Adeo ut in turba canentimu, sicut iu unison, huic genti mos est, quot videas capita, tot audias -«-here.’ carmina discriminaque vocum varia, in unam denique sub B mollis dulcedine blanda consonantiam, et orga- nicam convenientia melodiam.

In borealibus quoque majoris Britannise partibus, The like in trans Humbriam scilicet, Eboraci finibus, Anglorum ^"^ ^^ ‘^^’ populi, qui partes illas inhabitant, simili canendo symphonica utuntur harmonia : binis tamen solum-

1 id] D., Camden ; hoc, Rd.

• et] D., Camden ; aut, Rd. 3 quod co] D. ; sed eo, Rd. ; eo quod, Camden.

• cantibus ef] D., and Table of Chapters supra, 1.59. Not in Rd., Camden.

190

DESCRIPTIO KAMBllIiE.

modo tonorum diffeventiis, et vocnm modulando varie-

tatibus ; una inferius submurnmrante, altera vero

superne demuleente pariter et delectante. Nec arte

tamen, sed usu longfevo, et quasi in naturam mora

diutina jara converso, 1)jbc vel illa sibi gens hanc

123.  specialitatem    comparavit.      Qui    adeo    apud    utramque 
     

invaluit, et altas jam radices posuit, ut nihil hic

simpliciter, nihil nisi^ multipliciter ut apud priores,

vel saltem dupliciter ut apud sequentes, melice pro-

ferri consueverit : pueris etiam, quod magis admiran-

dum, et fere infantibus, cum pvimum a fletibus in

cantus erumpunt, eandem modulationem observantibus.

Inthiscase Angli vero, quoniam non generaliter omnes, sed

‘)robai)l ’ ^oreales solum, hujusmodi vocum utuntur modula-

from the tionibus, crcdo quod a Dacis et Norwagiensibus, qui

01 1 men. pj^j.^.gg jjj.^g insuljB frequentius occupave, ac diutius

obtinere solebant, sicut loquendi affinitatem, sic et

canendi proprietatem contraxerunt.

Their ready wit ticisms.

[Cap. XIIII.]

De verhorum facetia et urhanitate.

De curia vero et familia viri, ut et ^ circumstantibus risum moveant, sibique loquendo laudera comparent, facetiam in sermone plurimam observant ; dum ^ vel sales vel Isedoria, nunc levi ling-ua, nunc mordaci, sub sequivocationis vel amphibolise nebula, relatione diversa, transpositione verborum et trajectione, subtiles Examples. et dicaces emittuut. Unde et exempla quaedam, ex- planandi gratia, subsequenter annecti non superfluum reputavi. Tegengel nomen est provincise apud Venedo- tiam, cui dominabatuv David Oenei filius ; quam et qui- dara frater ejus quandoque possederat. Hoc idem etiam

^ nihil nisil Camden.

D. ; nisi, Bd. ubi,

ef] D. Not in Ed., Camden. dum’] D., Camden ; unde, Kd.

LIBER TI, CAP. XIV.

191

nomen fuit mulieris cujusdam, quam utcrquc habuisse dicebatur. Unde et a quodam ^ dictum est ; " Inju- " riura est David - Tegengel liabere, cum frater ejusdem " ante Tegengel habuerit." Item, cum ecclesiam Mene- vensem provinci?e princeps, Resus filius Griphini, cum suorum multitudine, perogrinandi causa aliquando de- votius adisset, ftxctis oblationibus, et missarum solem- nitate completa, accessit ad eum juvenis quidam in ipsa ecclesia, seque filium ejus esse publice protes- tando, et ad pedem ^ ipsius se prosternendo, quatinus eidem* rei certitudinem candentis ferri examine pro- bare liceret cum lacrimis humiliter imploravit. Quo verbo ad familiam et filios ejusdem duos, qui jam exierant, extra delato, subjecit juvenis quidam ; " Nec " mirum. Alii enim aurum obtulerunt, alii argentum. " Hic autem, quoniam utroque caruit, quod habuit " obtulit, scilicet ferrum ; " paupertatis incommodum juveni dicaciter improperans.

Cum de domo quadam forti, et quasi inexpugnabili, sermo a quibusdam factus fuisset, dixit unus eorum ; " Vere domus hasc fortis est ; quia si in ea esca fuerit, " nunquam erit conquisita : " in dominum ^ domus am- biguo verborum involucro avaritias notam intorquens : potuit enim conquisita ad utrumque referri, et ad escam et ad domum.

Similiter et dominam domus cujusdam quidam ava- ritiae notans, dixit ; " Hoc solum in hospita nostra " reprehensibile invenio, quod parum butyri ex con- " suetudine sali imponit : " cum accessorium rei prin- cipali soleat apponi, subtili verborum trajectione, quo- niam in quantitate abundare videbatm*, accessorium principale constituens.

123 b.

^ a gworfam] D. ; aliquod, Rd. ; aliquoddam, Catnden.

• ivjurmm est David] D. ; inju- riosum, Ed., Camden.

’ pedeni] D., Camdcn; pedes,Rd.

• eidem’] D., Camden ; ejusdem, Rd.

• iii dominum . . potuit enim con- qnisita’] D, Not in Rd., Camden.

192

DESCRIPTIO KAAIBRIiE.

li. 3.

Ibid.

Similnr Similia, in Macrobio De Saturnalihus, pliilosopho-

givcn by *’^™ ^^ iDagnorum virorum dicta, scripto commendata Macrobius. ha;c et hujusmodi multa reperies. Cicero “eum Lentu- Saturn. " lum generum suum, exigujB staturae hominem, longo " gladio accinctum vidisset ; ’ Quis, ’ inquit, ’ generum " ’ meum ad gladium alligavit ? ’ " Accessorium, causa prrescripta, in principale convertens.

Idem, cum Quinti Ciceronis fratris " imaginem clipea- " tam cum ingentibus lineamentis usque ad pectus ex " more pictam vidisset, ait ; ’ Frater meus dimidius " “major est quam totus.” "

Cum soror Fausti moechum haberet fullonem ; " Mi- " rum,” inquit frater,’ " sororem meam macuhim liabere, " cum fuUonem habeat."

Cum Hanibali Antyochus copias bellatorum et arrao- rum ingentes in campis ostenderet, quas bellum factu- rus populo Romano comparayerat, " Putasne," inquit, " 0 Hanibal, hsec omnia satis esse Romanis ? " Ha- nibal, imbelles militum ejusdem cohortes eludens, " Plane," inquit, " satis esse credo Romanis hrec, etsi " avari sint." Lepide satis et acerbe respondens : cum rex de restimanda requiparatione qufereret, ille vero de prreda dixerit.^

Satum ii. 2.

Ibid., con- densed.

[Cap. XV.] Be loquendi audacia et securitate.

124. Loquendi audaciam,^ et respondendi fiducjam, coram

Theirbold-pj.^j^g^p^j^^g et masfnatibus, cunctis communiter, etiam* ness and ^ . . . .,

confidence minimis in plebe sicut majonbus, m orani negotio ofspeech. j^^^yj,^^ ^g^i^^

1 frater’] D. Not in Rd., Cam- den.

• dixerit’] D. ; dixit, Rd., Cam- den.

^ After audaciam, Rd. has " et " securitatem," not in D. or Cam- den.

• eliam’] D. ; et, Rd., Camden,

LIBER I, CAP. XV. 193

Romanos et Francos lianc eandeni naturae dotem As with habere videmus : non autem Anglos, sicut nec Saxoues „ Jj,g ^[‘jj ^^ a quibus descenderant, nec Clermanos. Sin autem ser- i>anks, vitutem causaris in Anglis, et hunc eis inde defectum ^ith the assignas ; in Saxonibus et Germanis, qui et libertate Enghsh, gaudent, et eodem tamen vitio vexantur, ratio non provenit.

Saxones igitur et Germani, a gelida poli regione cui Causes of subjacent, hanc contrahunt^ et naturas geliditatem. j.g^^^g’ ^’ Angli quoque, quanquam olim a reglone remoti, origi- nali tamen natura tam exteriorem in candore qualita- tem, quam etiam interiorem illam geliditatis, eadem ex causa, liquida scilicet et gelida complexionis natura, proprietatem inseparabiliter tenent.

Britones autem e diverso ex calida et adusta Dar- danise plaga, quanquam in lines lios temperatos ad- vecti, quia

" Ccelum, non animum mutant, qui trans mare cur- Hor. i Ep. " runt," ‘• -^-

tam exterius fuscum illum cognatumque terrje colorem, quam etiam naturalem interius ex adusto humore cjilorem, unde securitas, originaliter trahunt,

Tres etenim populi, Romani Enea duce, Franci An- Eoman?, tenore, Britones Bruto, post Trojanum excidium, and^Bri’-

tons, of

" Reliquias Danaum atque immitis Achillis," Virg. vEn.

iii. 87.

ab Asia in Europam varias ad partes profugerunt. Trojan Tribus igitur his" nationibus hinc animositas, hinc nobilitas, et tanta generositatis antiquitas ; hinc ^ per- spicacis ingenii subtilitas, et loquendi * securitas.

Inter has autem gentes, quiB Trojani reliquise sunt

’ contrahunt ef] D. ; et trahunt, ^ hinc^^ D. Not in Rd., Camden.

Rd. ; trahunt, Camden. •» loquendi^ Rd., Camden. Not

• /«■«] Rd., Camden. Not in D. in D.

VOL. VI. N

194

DESCRIPTIO KAMmilvT:.

excidii, soli Britones, quia multis forte^ post ever- sioneni patrijTe annorum cun-iculis in Grecia detenti, tardius in occiduos hos Eui’op8B fines advecti sunt, et priraieva gentis suse vocabula, et originalis linguie proprietatem abundantius retinuerunt. Invenies ete- uim in his hrec nomina ; Oeneus, Resus, Eneas, Hector, Achilles, EliodoruSj Theodorus, Ajax, Evander, Ulixes, Elena, EHssa, Wendoloena, et alia multa in hunc modum antiquitatem redolentia. Welsh Notandum etiafti, quod verba lingufe Britannicae

wordsfrom • i} i/^ •iiTi- /^-

Greek or omnia lere vel (jrraeco conveniunt vel Latino. uraeci Ydor ^ aquam vocant, Britones Duur ; ^ salem Hal,^ Britones Halein;’^ Mis, Tis,* pro ego et tu, Britones autem Mi, Ti ; Onoma, Enou ; ^ Penta," Deca,"^ Pimp,^" Dec’ Item Latini frenum dicunt, et tripodem, gla- dium, et loricam ; Britones froin, trebs, cledhif, et Ihuric : ^ imico unig, cane can’,^ belua beleu.^"

Latin. 124 b

Welsh diviners.

[Cap. XVI.]

De divinatonhus in hac gente, et quasi arreptitiis.

Sunt et^^ in hoc Kambrise populo, quod alibi non reperies, viri nonnulli, quos Awennithion ‘^ vocant, quasi mente ductos. Hi super aliquo consulti ambiguo, statim frementes spiritu quasi extra se rapiuntur, et tanquam arreptitii fiunt. Nec incontinenti tamen quod

’ multis forte post eversionejn] D., and Rd., but with no “forte.” Camden has, “ut videtar, multis " post Yastationem et eversionem.”

• i.e. vSup, dwfr in modernWelsh.

•’’ i.e. a\s, halen.

• Mis, Tis, . . . Mi, Ti] D. Ed. Not in Camden. As to -where Gi~ raldus found his Greek Mis and Tis, for I and You, is beyond my Greek scholarship.

^ i.e. ovofia, cnw.

^ Penta, Pimp] i.e. Trivrf, pump.

’ Deca, Dec] i.e. SfKa, deg.

^ These, in modem Welsh, are Ffrwyn, Trihedd, Cleddtf, and Llu- rig.

‘■* Ci is Welsh for a dog; in plural, Cwn.

w Bela is Welsh for a wolf.

" et] D., Camden. Not in Ed.

^- Awennithion’] D. ; Aweindiou, Rd. Awenyddion, the plural of Awenydd, a poet.

LIRER I, CAP. XVI. 195

desideratnr edisserunt : sed per ambages multas, iuter varios quibus effluunt sermones, nugatorios magis et vanos quam sibi cohaBrentes, sed omnes tamen ornatos, in aliquo demum verbi diverticulo qui responsum solerter observat quod petit accipiet enucleatum. Et sic denique de hac extasi tanquam a somno gravi ab aliis excitantur, et quasi per violentiam quandam ad se reverti compelluntur.

Ubi et duo notanda reperies ; quia post responsum, nisi violenter excitati et revocati, ab hujuscemodi quasi furore reverti non solent ; et quod in se reverf^i, nibil horum omnium, quse ab his interim prolata sunt, ad memoriam revocabunt.

[Unde^ et, si forte super hoc iterum vel alio con- sulti dicere debeant, aliis omnino verbis et alienis enuntiabunt :] forsan sicut per phanaticos et energume- nos spiritus interdum loquuntui’, quanquam ignaros.

Solent autem eis hsec dona plerumque in somnis per visiones infundi. Quibusdam enim videtui-, quod eis vel lac dulce, vel mel in ore ^ infundatur : aliis autem, quod eis schedula inscripta ori imponatur. Et statim a somno erecti, et canori effecti,^ se gratiam hanc suscepisse publice profitentur.

Tale est illud Esdrre, de se scribentis ; " Dixit 4 Esd. xiv. " Dominus mihi, Aperi os tuum. Et aperui os meum ; ^^’ " et ecce, calix plenus aqua, cujus color similis igni. " Et cum bibissem, eructavit cor meum intellectum, et " in pectus meum introivit sapientia."

Faciimt autem inter ipsa initia * invocationes " ad Deum vivum*" et verum, et ad sanctam Trinitatem,

^ Unde . . enuntiabunt] Not in D. In Ed., Camden.

^ in ore’\ D. ; ori, Rd., Camden.

3 et canori effecti’] D. Not iu Rd., Camden. Rd. also has " ex- " perrecti " instead of erecti of D. and Camden.

• ipsa initia’] D. ; initia, Rd. ; vaticinia, Camden.

" invocationes] D., Camden ; vo- cationes, Rd.

® vivuni] D., Camden ; unum, Rd.

N 2

19G

DESCRIPTIO KAMBRIyE.

125

Such proiihets amongs’ the Tro jans

ut peccatorum rneritis a veri inventione non impecll- antur. In aliis autem nationibus quam hac Britannica, sicut et olim Trojana de qua descendunt, proplietas amongst hujusmodi raro reperies. Calcas etenim et Cassandra apud Ylion, nobilis illius obsidionis tempore, vaticinii spiritum habentes, urbis excidium aperte prasdixerunt. Ilnde et Helenus Priami filius, qui archiflamen eorum erat, propter vaticiniorum libros quos habebat, tam Calcantis quam et aliorum longe ante, super patriae destructioue, primo statim ad Grecos una cum Calcante se transtulit anno : a quibus et egregie postmodum in Grecia remuneratus est. Cassandra vero puella, Priami regis filia, quotidie urbis eversionem canebat ; nec ei tamen, ob superbiam Trojanorum nimiam et prsesump- tiouem, fides habebatur. Nocte quoque qua urbs prodita fuit, proditionem ipsam et modum prodendi manifeste prrecinuit. Unde Virgilius ;

^n- iii. " Tales casus Cassandra canebat."

Prophecies Sicut et olim, extante adhuc Britonum regno, gentis

Merlius^ excidium, et tam Saxonum primo, quam etiam Nor-

mannorum post adventum, Merlinus uterque, tam

Celidonius quam Ambrosius, vaticinando declaravit.^

Illud quoque, quod de talibus Agellius refei-t, hic

Noct. Att. interserere dignum duxi. " Quo Gaius Cesar et Pom-

Not mioted " P^^^^ ^^^ P^^" civile bellum coUatis signis in Thes-

exactly. " salia conflixeruut, in Tranepadana Italia memoratu

" digna res accidit. Sacerdos namque Cornelius, et

" loco nobilis, et sacerdotii religionibus ^ yenerandus,

" et vitse castitate sanctus, repente, mota mente,

" Cesarem vicisse " proclamavit : " pugnasque dies, et

" exitus, omnesque^ pugnandi reciprocationes, et ipsa

’ vaticinando declaravit] D. ; fer- tur vaticinando declarasse, Ed., Camden.

• religionibus’] D. ; religione, Ed., Camden.

^ omnesque’] D. ; omnes, Ed. ; omnis (helonging to exitus), Cam- den.

LIBEll r, CAP. XVI.

107

" duorum exercituum conllictatio, ejus vaticiuantis " motu atque verbis reprEesentata est."

Sin autem quo ^ spiritu proferantur hujusmodi, Objections scrupulosus lector inquiras, non dico quod pithonico, prophecies uon dremoniaco ; verum, quia sicut solius est proprium answered. scire futura Dei, sic et futurorum scientiam dare, potius spiritu scientia^ desuper et ex’ gratia dato.^ " Divisiones quippe gratiarum sunt," ut ait Apostolus, i Cor. xii. " unus autem atque idem spiritus." Unde Petrus, in * epistola secunda ; " Non voluntate humana allata 2Pet. i. 21. " est aliquando prophetia; sed Spiritu Sancto inspi- " rati, locuti sunt homines."

Ad idem facit illud in Daniele, quod Chaldei regi 125 b. Nabugodonosoi" super somnii sui ** interpretatione, quam ab ipsis extorquere volebat, responderunt. " Non est," Dan. ii. 10. inquiunt, ‘’■ homo super tcrram, qui sennonem tuum, " rex, possit implere : sed neque regum quisquam " magnus et potens verbum hujuscemodi sciscitatur ab " omni ariolo, et mago, et Caldeo. Seniio enim quem " tu, rex, quseris, gravis est ; nec reperietur quisquam, " qui indicet illum in conspectu regis, exceptis diis, " quorum non cst cum hominibus conversatio."

Super eundem locum leronymus ; " Confitentur -^ On Dan.ii. " arioli, et omnis scientia secularis, prsescientiam futu- jjot quoted " rorum solius Dei esse, non hominum. Unde pro- exactly. " batur prophetas spiritu Dei locutos, qui dixerunt " futura."

Ad hoc autem, quod objiciunt quidam, quia’’ si spiritu Dei ducerentur, quandoque prtemitterent, " Hsec " dicit Dominus Deus," vel aliquid in hunc modum, more prophetico ; et quia talis prophetandi modus in Merlino non reperitur, eum potius pithonico spiritu

" Sin autem quo"] D. ; Sin autem, Rd. ; Si, Camden.

• c.r] D. Not in Kd,, Camdcn. ^ dato’] D., Camden ; datur, Rd.

^ .lui] D., Camden. Not in Rd.

• Confitentut J Rd., Camden, with Jeromc ; Coufiteantui-, D. " qttia] D. Not in Rd, Camden,

198

DESCRIPTIO KAMBKI^.

locutum esse plerique conjectant ; et quia etiani de

sanctitate ipsius vel devotione, quanquam fidelis fucrit,^

minime legitur : ad (][use respondeo, quod non solum

sanctis, sed etiam^ infidelibus iuterdum et gentilibus,

sicut Baleae et Sybillie, et etiam malis, ut Cayphse,

sicut et Balaaj, prophetiaj spiritus datus est. Unde

Hom. xiv. Origenes supcr Numeri ; ^ " Ne mireris si eum, quem

Not quoted " cli^ii^us scribas et pharisseos et doctores populi sig-

exactiy. " nificare,* videas de Christo prophetare. Cayphas

Joh.xi. 50. " enim ait ; ’ Expedit nobis, ut unus moi’iatur homo

" " pro populo." Sed, inquit, * Quia erat pontifex anni

" " illius, prophetavit." Nemo ergo extollatur si pro-

" phetet, si pnescientiam mereatur : quia prophetise

" destruentur, cessabunt linguae, scientia destruetur :

" permanent autem fides, spes, caritas : raajor autem

" est caritas, qure sola nunquam cadit." Et non

solum prophetabant,’’ sed virtutes etiam " et signa

mali quandoque faciebant, quod boni plerique non

poterant. Sicut Johannes Baptista, qui tantus erat,

signa non fecit ; sicut Johannes Evangelista testatur,

Joh. X. 41. dicens, " Et multi venerunt ad Jhesum, et dicebant

" quia Johannes quidem sigTium fecit nullum," et

cetera. De matre quoque Domini non legitur quod

signum^ aliquod fecerit. De filiis autem Scevse legi-

Act. xix. mus in Actibus Apostolorum, quod in nomine Jhesu,

quem Paulus prsedicabat, dsemonia ejecerunt.^ Unde

Matt. vii. in Matheeo et Luca reperies ; " Multi dicent in illa

126.  "  ^^^    mihi,    Domine,    Domine,    nonne    in    nomine  tuo 
     

" prophetavimus, et in nomine tuo daemonia ejecimus,

" et in nomine tuo virtutes multas fecimus? Et tunc

22

1 fuerW] D., Camden ; fuit, Ed.

2 etiam’] D. Not in Kd., Cam- den.

^ Numeri’] D. ; Numerum, Kd. ; Numer., Camden.

^ siynijicare] Kd., Camden ; sig- nare, D.

^ prophetabantj D. ; prophetiza- bant, Ed., Camden.

^ etiani] D. Not in Ed., Camden.

’ signum] D. Not iu Rd., Cam- den.

** ejeceruHt’] D., Camden ; ejece- rint, Rd.

LlJiEK I, CAP. XVI.

199

" confitcbor illis, quia nunquam novi vos." Et alibi ;

" Respondens autem Joannes dixit ; Magister, vidimus Marc. ix.

" quemdam in nomine tuo dsemonia ejicientem ; et ^uc ix 49

" proliibuimus eum, quia non sequitur nobiscum.

" Jhesus autem ait ; Nolite prohibere eum : nemo est

" qui faciat virtutem in nomine meo, et possit cito

" male loqui de me. Qui enim non est adversus nos,

" pro nobis est." Item Alexander Macedo, gentilis,

montes Caspios transtulit ; et decem tribus intra

eorundem promontoria, ubi usque iu hodiernimi resi-

dent, et usque in adventum Helise et Enoch reside-

bunt, miraculose conclusit. Merlini itaque fidem legi-

mus, prophetiam legimus ; sanctitatem ejus vel miracula

non legimus.

Objiciunt etiam quia prophetge non extra se fiebant, quando prophetabant : sicut de Merlino Silvestri legi- tui’, quod amens factus prophetabat ; et de his similiter quasi arreptitiis, de quibus hic locuti sumus. Sed alii per somnia, visiones, et senigmata, ut Ezechiel et Daniel ; alii per facta et dicta, ut Noe in arcse fabri- catione ecclesiam, Abraham in filii immolatione Christi passionem, Moyses dicens, “Suscitabit vobis Deus pro- Deut.xTiii. " phetam de fratribus vestris ; hunc audite,” et cetera, ^^* Christum significavit ; ^ alii excellentiore quodam modo, per internam sciLicet^ Sancti Spiritus inspirationem ac revelationem, ut David. Quibus id solum, quod in libro Regum primo de Saule legitur David persequente, respondeo : quia cum accepisset Saul David in Abaioth,’’^ 1 Reg. xix. qui est collis in Ramatha, ubi erat cuneus propheta- rum, transfugisse, misit lictores in Abaioth ^ ut raperent David ; qui cum vidissent prophetas, et Samuelem stantem super eos, factus est in ‘* illis spiritus Domini,

^ significavW] Rd., Camden ; sig- navit, D.

’ ncilicet^ D. Not in Rd., Cam- den.

a Abaiotk] D.Rd.-, Naioth,Cam-

den, with Vulgate. And so in two cases directly afterwards.

■* in] D., with Viilgate. Not ia Rd., Caniden.

iOO

DESCRIPTIO KAMBRLIi:.

et prophetabant. Misitque Saul secundos et tertios nuntios, qui ct ipsi prophetaverunt : et iratus Saul abiit post eos, et ante(piaui veniret in Abaioth ^ iu- grediens proplietabat, et quasi amens factus, et exutus veste regia, tota die et nocte canebat cum ceteris, David et Samuele clam videntibus. Nec mirum si illi, qui spirituni Domini, datamque desuper gratiain tantani subito suscipiunt, a terrena^ mentis interim statu alienari videantur.

[Cap. XVII.]

De generositatis ainore, et genealogia longe retenta.

126 b. Generositatem vero, et generis nobilitatem, prjB re-

Their espe- ^y ^ omnibus magis appetunt. Unde et generosa con-

cial regard . . o rr • »

for high jugia plus longe cupiunt, quam sumptuosa vel opima.

^^^ • Genealogiam quoque generis sui etiam de populo qui-

their gene- Hbet observat ; et non solum avos, atavos, et tritavos,^

alogies. gg^ usque ad sextam vel septimam, et ultra procul

generationem, memoriter et prompte genus enarrat

in lumc modum ; Resus filius Griphini, Griphinus filius Supra,i67. Resi, Resus filius Theodori ; et sic deinceps, ut supra

de generatione principum. Loye of Genus itaquc super omnia diligimt ; et damna san-

and venge- guii^is atque dedecus acriter u|ciscuntur. Vindicis enim fulness. animi sunt, et irse cruentse ; nec solum novas et re-

centes injurias, verum etiam veteres et antiquas velut

instantes vindicare parati.

Have no Non urbe, non vico, non castris cohabitant ; sed

cas^e^s-*but ^’^^si solitarii silvis inhserent. In quarum eisdem ^

cling to margine non palatia magna, non * sumptuosas et super- the woods.

’ Seenote 3, p. 199.

3 et tritavos] D. Not in Rd.,

Camden.

^ eisdem] D. ; ejusdem, Caraden. Not in Rd.

’ non’\ D. ; nec, Rd., Camden.

LIBER I, CAP. XVII.

201

Their

wattled

huts.

No or- chards or gardens.

Little but

pasture

land.

Their

mode of

ploughing.

Ofreaping.

fluas lapidum cfementique structuras in altum crigere,^ verum tecta viminea, usibus annuis sufficientia, modico tam labore quam sumptu connectere mos est.

Non pomeriis utuntur, non hortis. Utrorumque tamen fructibus, eis aliunde pon-ectis, libenter vesci^ solent.

Agris igitur plurimum utuntur pascuis, parum cultis, floridis parce, consitis parcissime.

Boves autem ad aratra vel plaustra binos ^ quidem jungunt rarius, sed quaternos frequentius ; stimulatore prjeambulo, sed retrogrado. Quem et pericula plerum- que, dum tauri juga detrectant,^ retro cadendo contingit experiri.

Falcibus quoque minus ^ utuntur ad metendum : plus autem et expeditius feiTO quodam modico, in cultelli modum formato, baculis binis ad capita laxe et flexi- biliter catenato. Sed quoniam

" Segnius irritant animos demissa per aures, " Quam quse sunt oculis subjecta fidelibus,"

melius videndo quam audiendo modum attendes.

Sunt " et his navicula3 ad piscandum, seu flumiua Their transnavigandmu, vimineiB ; non oblongse, non rostratie, sed quasi rotunda^, vel potius in triangvdum formatte ; undique coriis animalium crudis non intus sed extra^ contectae. Cum autem naviculam salmo injectus forte^ cauda fortiter percusserit, non absque periciflo plerum- que vectm^am pariter et vectorem evertit. Naviculas istas piscatores, barbaro ritu, ad aquas eundo et rede-

Hor. A. P. 180.

coracles.

" m altum erigere"] D., Camden. Not in Rd.

• vescQ With this word manu- scripts V. N., &c., begin again, after their long loss, supra, 180, n. 5.

•’’ binos . . frequentius] D. Rd. ; non binos juugunt sed ijuateruos, V. •N.

^ detrectant’] D. ; detractant, V. N. Rd.

5 minus’] V. D. Rd. ; miuus mi- nutis, N.

« Sunt, §-c.] The rest of this chapter in D. Rd. Not in “V. N.

•^ non intus sed extra’\ D. ; intus et extra, Rd., Camden.

s forte’] D. Not in Rd., Camden.

202

DKsouirno kambki^.

Thcfamous undo humeris portant. Unde famosus ille fabulator Bledri. *^^ Bledhcricus, qui terapora nostra paulo prsevenit, super hoc casu sic iienigmatico proloqui consueverat : " Sunt " apud nos gentes, qum cum ad prajdandum deprope- " rent,^ equos humeris impositos usque ad prtedam " ipsam portant. Ad prgedam vero capiendam equis " insiliunt. Eaque ^ capta, statim equos humeris iterum " injectos domum redeundo reportant.”

Introduc- tion of Ciiristi- anity into Britain.

Geofirey, iv. 19 ; Bed. i. 4. Mission of Germanns and Lupus.

GeoflFrev, vi. 13 ;" Bed. i. 17. Still existing customs, from their teaching.

[Cap. XVIII.]

Be antiqiia Jldei fundatione ; Christianitatis^ amore,

et devotione.

Pr?eterea olim, longeque ante excidium Britannicum, quia’’’ per annos circiter ducentos, per Faganum et Duvianum, ad petitionem Lucii regis ab Eleutherio papa in insulam transmissos, in fide fundati sunt^ et solidati. Unde ’’ a tempore quo Germanus Altisiodo- rensis et Lupus Trecensis, propter corruptionem quae paganorum irruptionibus, Saxonum scilicet,^ jam irrep- serat, et prascipue ad explantandam ^ ha^resim Pelagia- nam in insulam missi sunt, nihil hsereticum, nihil rectse fidei articulis contrarium sensere. Ab eorundem quoque doctrina, hsec, ut fertur, usque in hodiernum diem ^ documenta tenuerunt. De quolibet pane appo- sito primum fractionis angulum pauperibus donant.

’ deproperent] D., Camden ; de- properant, Kd.

• Eaque’] D. ; atque, Rd., Cam- den.

■* D. has " et " before Christiani- tatis. It is in no other MS., and not in D. in Table of chapters, supra, 160.

’ quia’] V. N., D. originally, Rd., Camden. Altered in D., by a later hand, to " quasi."

• sunt’] D. In Kd. it comes after solidati. Not in V. N.

6 Unde] D. ; Unde et, Rd. Not in V. N.

^’ Saxonum scilicet] D. Rd. Not in V. N.

• explantandam’] D. ; explanan- dam, V. N. ; expellendam, Rd., Camden.

» diem] D. Not in V. N. Rd.

LLBER I, CAP. XVIll.

203

Terni quoque, iii Trinitatis memoriam, ad prandium sedent. Viro cuilibet religioso, monacbo vel clerico, vel cuicunque religionis babitum prgeferenti, cum obviam veniunt,^ statim projectis armis cernuo capite benedic- tionem petunt. Episcopaiem vero confirmationem, et cbrismatis qua gratia Spiritus datur inunctionem, prae alia gente totus populus magnopere petit. Omnium quoque rerum quas possident, animalium, pecorum, et The great pecudum, interdum decimas donant : quando videlicet ^ ^- vel uxores sibi maritali copula jungunt, vel peregrina- tionis iter arripiunt, aut quamlibet vittB suce, ecclesise consilio, correctionem assumunt.

Hanc autem rerum suarum partitionem Decimam magnam vocant. Cujus duas partes ecclesias suixj^ 127 b. baptismali, tertiam vero episcopo diocesano dare solent.

Pra3 omni autem pcregTino labore, Komam peregre Piigrim- libentius eundo, devotis mentibus Apostolorum limina^S^^^o propensius adorant.

Ecclesiis autem et ecclesiasticis viris, sanctorum quo- Keve- que ^ reliquiis, baculis, et campanis bajulis, libris textis, ^^"^^j^gg et cruci, devotam reverentiam exbibere, longeque magis relics, &c. quam aliam gentem bis omnibus honorem ‘* deferre videmus. Unde et ecclesise istoram longe majorem quam alibi pacem babent. Non etenim in cemiteriis solum, veram etiam extra procul, per metas et fossas ulteriores, ab episcopis causa pacis impositas et consti- tutas, animalibus ad pascua ^ pax servatur.

Ecclesise vero majores, quibus majorem antiquitas liight of reverentiam exhibuit, quantum armenta mane ad pas- inthe^mOT

more

cua exire et vespere redire possunt, pacem prrebent. antient

TT j j. • • • •j. 1 j.’ • churches.

IJnde et si cum prmcipe capitales quis mimicitias m-

cmTerit, si ecclesise refugium qusesierit, eadem sibi et

suis pace gaudebit : adeo ut bac immunitatis indemni-

N.

• veniunt] V. D. Kd. ; venerunt,

• suff] D. Not in V. N. Ed.

3 quoque’] D. Rd. ; que, V. N. " homrcin"] D. Kd. Not in V. N. ^ pascua] D. Ed. ; pabula, V. N.

■20^

DEaClilPTlU KAMWil^.

tate, longe canonum indulgentiam excedente, qui cor- ])ori solum et membris tali in casu sjilutem pi-gestant, nuilti abutentes, et audacius ob hanc imj)unitatem hostiliter excedunt, et ab his etiam refugii locis, tam patriam imdique totam quam principem ipsum graviter infestando molestant. Herniits Heremitas ^ et anaclioritas abstinentise majoris, magis-

rites. *1^^ spnntuales, alibi non videas. (jens etenim ngec in

omni vehemens est intentione. Unde et sicut malis nusquam pejores, sic bonis meliores non reperies.

Felix itaque gens, et fortunata ; gens vere utraque sorte beata ; si prfelatos haberent bonos et pastores, unoque gauderent principe, et illo bono.

EXPLICIT LIBER PRIMUS ; LAUDABILIUM.

’ Heremitas^ D. Rd. ; Heremitas autem, V. N. This passage is re-

peated by Giraldus in the treatise De Jure, Sfc, vol. iii. 115.

LIBER IT, PRyEFATIO. 205

INCIPIT LIBERiSECUNDUS; ILLAUDABILIUM.

Prcefatio ^ secundi libri.

Quoniam, in priore libro, gentis Britannicae naturam, Giraldus mores, et modos satis ‘^ evidenter explicuimus ; eaque °gj^f j"" praecipue quse virtuti consona, et in unum collecta ad describe laudem ejus et honorem vere poterant explanari ; de Jm^^f cetero competens ordo deposcit, ut in sequenti operis the Weish, partitione, more historico, ad ea quoque quse virtutis 128. et laudis lineam egi-edi videntur calamum vertamus : " impetrata ^ tamen veritatis explicandEe venia, citra quam " omnis historia non solum auctoritatem sed et merito * nomen " historiae demeretur. Naturam enimvero imitari arte pro- " fessus nuctoritatera pictor amittit, si diligentius apta dum " protrahit, minus idonca verecunde prastermittit.

" Unde et, quouiam

" ’ Vitiis sine nemo nascitur; optimus ille est lior, 1 S.

" " Qui minimis urgetiu-," iii- 68.

" nihil humanum a se alienum sapiens putet. Semper enim Ter.Heaut.

" mundanis in rebus, quia nulla sub coelo perfecta felicitas, ’ ‘’^-

" et mala sunt vicina bonis, et vitia virtutibus distinguuntur.

" Sicut ergo sive naturse sive industrige bona mentem bene

• ’ compositam audita delectant, sic recitata bonis contraria non

1 liber^ V. N. Not in D. Rd. ; ■ =* salis^ T. D. Rd., Wharton, Not

this " Incipit " forming one rubric with the " Explicit " of Lib. i.

• Prafatio secundi libri’] D. Rd. Not in V. N. The heading in T.,

in V. N.

■• impetrata . . . non offendant’] This repeated from lib. i, cap. xlvi of the Expuy. Hibern., vol. v. 301,

the Symbolum Electorum, is, " In •’ mei-iio] This not in the Expug.

" Kambria; descriptionem prfflfatio | Hibern. •’ tertia," vol. i. 394.

200

DESCRIPTIO KAMBRI^.

" offendant." Corrumpi nimirum ex longo exilio et paupertate, pejoresque ad usus gentis hujus natura pei*verti potuit. Sieut enim multa paupertas extin- guere vitia solet, sic nonnulla interdum ex eadem contraria virtutibus adolescunt.

Their in- constancy.

Constant in evil, if in any- thing.

Their dis- regard of oaths, and of all truth- fulness.

Always ready for perjurj’.

[Cap. I.]

De inconstantia gentis hujus et instahilitate ; fidei quoque saci^amentiqvx reverentia nulla.

Gens igitur hgec gens fidei tenerrimse ; ^ nec minus animo levis quam corpore. Gens ad facinus quodlibet sicut facillime impellitur, sic a proposito seu jara in- cepto eadem facilitate revocatur. Gens in omni qui- dem mobilis actione, semper tamen in malo pertinacior : nullius nempe rei prseter inconstantise solius constan- tiam habens.

Nulluni eis jusjurandum ; nulla fidei, nulla veritatis reverentia. Adeo namque fidei foedus, aliis inviolabile gentibus, parvipendere solent, ut non in seriis solum et necessariis, verum in • ludicris, omnique fere verbo firmando, dextr^e manus ut mos est porrectione, signo usuali dato, fidem gTatis efiundere consueverint.

Prseterea quicquid commodi, quicquid temporalis emolumenti, sacramenti transgressione provenire potest, passim perjurio parant. Adeo quidem ut in causis tam ecclesiasticis - quam forensibus, nunc excipiendo, nunc

^ tenerrima;’] So all the MSS. Wharton has " tenuissima; " in his text, with “tenerrima:, Co(f.Cottow.” (i.e. D.) in the margin. Perhaps, therefore, " tenuissima; " was the reading of the lost Westminster MS. used by Wharton. Compare the heginning of cap. 39, lib. ii. of Expuy. Hibern. (vol. v. 398), ■where we have, " Gens itaque fidei tener-

" rimsE, nec levis minus animo " quam corpore."

• tam ecclesiasticis . . replicando’] D. Rd. ; foroque civili tam excipi- endo quamexplicandOjV. N. Whar- ton has this latter reading in his text, no doubt from the Westmin- ster MS., and gives the other read- ing, from Cod. Cotton. (D.), in the margin.

LIBER II, CAP .1.

207

replicando, puta quicquid ad prsesens cxpedire videtur jurare parati, pars utraque semper agere, semper pro- bare nitatur. Quanquam tamen venerandse leges, ubi sacramenta sacra putantur, ubi reverentia veris et honor exhibetui- houestis, in rei favorem, et odium actoris, probationem actori tanquam ouus imponant, porro populo versuto et versipelli jugum hoc suave et onus leve vidctur.

128 b.

[Cap. II.]

Quod rapto vivunt ; et ^ imcis amiciticeque ^ fcedera

non custodiunt.

Ad hsec etiam rapinis insistere, raptoque vivere, Their

furto, et latrocinio, non solum ad exteros et hostiles ‘■^pi^^ ^^^ ’ , ’ _ thieveries.

populos, verum etiam inter se proprium habent.

Pacis quoque et amicitise foedera, visa nocendi op- No regard portunitate, non respiciunt : fidei sacramentique religi- ^’"^ soiemn onem turpi postponentes lucro. Quod ^ et Gildas olim in hbro De excidio Britonum, more historico suae gen- tis vitia veritatis amore non supprimens, his verbis declaravit ; " Nec in bello fortes, nec in pace fideles." Gildas, § g.

Sed quando Julius Cesar, qui tantus erat quantus Proofs of et orbis, sub Cassibelliano duce Bntish

valour.

" Territa qugesitis ostendit terga Britannis," Lucan,

Phars. ii.

numquid non fortes fuere ? Quid etiam, quando Be- ^"^- linus et Brennius Komanum imperium suis addidere victoriis? Quid Helenae nostrse filii imperatoris tem- pore Constantini ? Quid Aurelii Ambrosii regno, quem

’ ef] V. D. Rd., Wharton. Not JnN.

2 amicitiaquej D. Rd., Wharton ; et amicitiae, N. ; amicitiaB, V. The

heading as in the text agrees with that in Table of chapters supra, 1 60. 3 Qtwd’] D. Rd.,Wharton; idem, V.N.

208

DESCRIPTIO KAMBRIiE.

Proafs to the c(ni- trary.

Gildas, §20.

Gildas has no good word for the Bri- tons.

Britain’s strength exhausted by Maxi- mus.

Supra,l6G.

etiani laudibu.s Eutiopius ^ effert ? Et Arturi nostri famosi, ne dieam fabulosi, tempore quanti fuere?

Sed, e diverso, qui a Scotis et Pictis, populisque tam vilibus, fere debellati, auxiliatrices Romanas toties vexarunt legiones,- dicentes, sicut^ ex Gilda colligimus, " Barbari nos ad mare, mare autem ad barbaros im- " pellit : * hinc submergimur, hinc trucidamur," num- quid tunc fortes, numquid laudabiles fuere ? A Sax- onibus quoque iu auxilium vocatis, et stipendiario munere locatis,^ quando expugnati et subacti, num- quid fortes ? Et quod *^ omnium istorum validius ignavias eorum argumentum est, quod Gildas, qui vir sanctus erat et de gente eadem, in cunctis quas de gestis eorum ’ scripsit historiis, nihil unquam ^ egregium de ipsis posteritati reliquit.

Hujus autem contrarii solutionem, Deo duce, vita- que comite, in Britannica promittimus Topographia.

Id tamen ^ hic tantillum ad majorem evidentiam addere sufficiat, quod ex quo Maximus ^^ ille Britonum princeps, cujus in capite libelli mentionem fecimus, totum armatpe juventutis Britannia? in transmarina ducendo robur exhauserat, multis postmodum annis vacua viris et viribus ^^ insula piratis et prsedonibus mansit exposita. Qua3 quidem antea incomparabili

1 I can find nothing of the sort in Eutropius.

• leyiones] D. Rd., Wharton ; le- gationes, V. N.

•’ sicut ex Gilda coUiyimus] D., Wharton. Not in V. N. Rd.

•• impellit\ D. Rd., Wharton ; nos impellit, V. N.

‘- locatis] V. N. Rd., Whai’ton ; conductis, D.

^ Et quod, Sfc.’] Against this, in the margin, Wharton has " Deest in " Cod. Cotton.," but erroneously. There is nothing -whatever omitted in D.

’ gestis eorum] V. N. D. Rd. ; gente ipsoruni, Wharton.

** miquam] D. Rd. ; usquam, V. N., Wharton.

3 Id tamen, §-c.] Hence, to end of chapter, in D. Rd. Not in V. N. ; and, according to Wharton, not in the lost Westminster MS.

‘" Maximus ille Brit. princeps] D., Wharton ; Britonum princeps ille tam re Maximus quam nomine, Rd., and Sloane 1691, and 4785.

" et viribus] D., Wharton. Not in Rd., and Sloane 1691, and 4785.

LIBER II, CAP. II. 209

strenuitatis gloria floruerat ; adeo quidem ut per cjusHissuc-

aluranos, prredictus ille tyranuus totam fere Cisalpinam ^^j^^ ^^

Galliam subiusfaverit, ipsumqueRomanum imperium ar-theBri- L ‘i. -D 4r tons.

mis attemptare prsesumpserit. rrocessu quoque tempo- ris, longa demum propagatione multiplicata, et armis instructa, in pristinse probitatis audaciam Britannica juventus excrevit. Distinguantur igitur in hunc mo- dum tempora, et concordabit scriptura.^

De Gilda vero, qui adeo in gentem suam acriter Gildas inveliitur, dicunt Rritones, quod propter fi-atrem suum ^l^ history Albanife principem, quem rex Artliurus occiderat, of Anhur, oflTensus hsec scripsit. Unde et libros egregios, quos ^" de gestis Arthuri, et gentis suae laudibus, multos bag- serat, audita fratris sui nece, omnes, ut asserunt, in marc projecit. Cujus rei causa, nihil de tanto principe in scriptis authenticis expressum invenies.

[Cap. III.]

De maTtio confliciu invalido ; turpique fuga ct

iUaudabili.

In bellico conflictu, primo impetu, acrimonia, voce, In battle, vultu terribiles efiecti, tam clamore horrendo coelum gj.^j auack replente, tubarumque pra^longarum clangore altisono, «f the quam pernici pariter ac pr?ecipiti cursu, crebris quoque ^ jaculorum ictibus, gens asperrima. Porro si suscepta but, if viriliter passa fuerit primo repulsam, confusioi.i facillime [helr^^ ’ data. Statim ut terga dederiut, solum fugse prsesidio, cowardly nullique penitus confidunt rebeUioni. Quod tamen in “^ martiis confiictibus reprehensibile poeta non ignoravit, dicens ;

" Ignavum scelus est tantum fuga;” Lucan.

Phars. ix.

28.3.

provement of his own, or of his scribe, upon Giraldus.

• quoque^l D. Rd.jWharton; que,

V. N,

VOL. VI. O

’ concordabit scriptura^ So all the MSS. Wharton has “concor- " dabunt scripta ;” no doubt an im-

210

DESCRTPTTO IvAMBUTiT:.

Hor. A. P, 31,

129 b.

et alibi,

" In vitium culpje ducit fuga, si caret arte."

Sicut ergo de Theutonicis legitur/ sic et istis idem

ada]:)tari ^ potest ; " In primo impetu majores sunt

But this " virLs, in sccundo vero minores mulieribus." In fuga

quenafof ^iii^irum et confectione ci-ebro revertens, et tanquam

their way Parthicis a tergo sagittis fugiendo repugnans, animosa

war are ; yjj.jij^^j^f^ magis apparet. Et tamen, sicut in bellicis

successibus ac victoriis, etiam ignavi de virtute glo-

riantur, sic et in pejori fortuna vix etiam viris sua

virtus conceditur.

Totum itaquo vel fugando vel fugiendo certamen eorum. De plano namque confligere, deque victoria cominus contendere, diuque viriliter dimicare ; cujus- modi conflictum poeta describit, dicens,

Stat. Theb. " Jam clipeo clipeus,’"’ umbone repellitur umbo, viu. 398. u j]j^gQ minax ensis, pede pes, ct cuspide cuspis ; "

and of gens exiliter ■* armata, et agilitate potius quam ro- arni’^d^’^’ b^^’^^ viribus confisa, sustinere non potest. Verum- troops. tamen hodie confecta, et cruentam in fugam turpiter Ever ready conversa, cras nihilominus expeditionem parat, nec damno nec dedecore retardata. Et si apertis congres- sibus, belloque indicto forte non prtevalet, insidiis sal- tem et nocturnis irruptionibus hostem gravat. Unde et, quoniam nec fame nec frigore gravata, nec martio labore fatigata, nec casibus adversis in desperationem data, sed post lapsum protinus^ resurgere prompta, bellique discrimina denuo subire parata, sicut prselio facile, sic bello difiicile vinci solet.

to fight again

• legitur’] Before this Wharton has, " in Eomana Historia." It is in no MS.

• adaptari] D. Ed. ; assiguari, V. N., Wharton.

’ Statius has, " Jam clipeus cli- " peis."

■* exiliter’] D. Ed. ; leviter, V. N., Wharton.

• prolinus] D. ; statim, V. N. Ed.,, Wharton.

LIBER II, CAP. TII. 211

Unde et Claudianus de gentis ejusdem, vel similis,^ natura loqui videtur, dicens ;

" Dum pereimt, nieminere mali ; si corda parumper in Eutrop.

" Respirare sinavS, nullo tot funera sensu

" Prfetereunt ; tantique levis jactura cruoris."

[Cap. IIII.]

De amhitiosa tei^^arum occnpatione ; et inter fratres

divisione.

Finales autem fossas effodere, terminos transponere, Their un- et metas transcurrere, terrasque modis omnibus velpationTof occupare vel dilatare, gens prse gentibus aliis ambitiosa. ^^^-

Adeo quidem hoc ambitionis vitio communi labe laborant, quod terras quascunque seu precario, seu commodato, locationis, conductionis, emphyteoseos, vel alio quocunque titulo semel ipsos - possidere contigerit, sacramentis etiam vero domino ac proprietario super indemnitate ac securitate palam interpositis, nihilo- 130. minus tamen easdem tanqiiam proprias et hereditarias sibi jure perpetuo vindicabunt.

Hinc itaque lites in curia, et contentiones ; hinc csedes et incendia ; hinc crebra fratricidia.

Ad haec ^ etiam, quod fratres inter se pro herili Equal terras portione dividunt et distinguunt, antiquus in [j^eritance hac gente mos obtinuit. Accessit et aliud incommo- amongst dum grave, quod principes filios suos generosis de r^,^^ ^^^ terra sua viris diversis diversos alendos tradunt: quo-tomof rum quilibet alumnum sunm post patris obitum ex- fatherinff. toUere, aliisque praeferre, toto conamine nititur et The iii- machinatur. Per quod graves terris eorum toties, nec ^^’"^^’

i o ’ quences,

srne csedibus multis et fratricidiis, seu fratrum exocu-

1 vel simaW] D. Ed. Not in V. N., Wharton.

• ipsos] D. Rd. Not in V. N., Wharton.

3 /i«c] V. D. Rd., Wharton ; hoc,

N.

9

o -J.

21-

DKSCUIPTIO KAMnillil!:.

Mich. vli. 2.

lationlbu.s crebris, virium quoque omnium et successuum experientiu difficile ^ sedabiles, emergere solent tnr- bationes.

Unde et inter fratres collactaneos quam naturales longe veriores invenies amicitias.

Hoc etiain in his notabile, quod fratres plus mor- tuos diligunt quam vivos. Vivos enim ad mortera persequuntur ; mortuos autem, et ab aliis interemptos, totis viribus ulciscuntur.

Quibus ^ et illa Malachi?e verba vere adaptari pos.se videntur ; " Periit .sanctus de terra, et rectus in homi- " nibus non est. Omnes in sanguine insidiantur : vir " fratrcm suum venatur ad mortem : malum manuum " suarum dicunt bonum."

[Cap. V.]

De gravi eorum exactione, et immoderantia.

Their ex- Ubi autem copium inveniunt, et potestatem exercere actions of possunt, exactores improbissimi.’"’ Cibo namque, potuque and drink. prajsertim inebriaute, extra briam omnem poni cupi- entes, modum et modestiam minus observant : quasi * Phil.iv. 12. cum apostolo dicentes, " Scimus et abundare, scimus " et penuriam pati ;" sed non cum eodem, " Omnibus " omnia facti," ut omnia lucrifaciant Deo. Sicut enini, iiigruente necessitate, pimise abstinentiae sunt et par.simouia? ; sic, post longam esuriem, lupis in hoc et and woifish t^q^^ilfs similes, quia sicut et illi rapto vivunt et raro gluttony, reficiuntur, ad alienam prsecipue positi mensam, im- moderatam appetunt refectionem.^

1 Cor. ix. 20-22.

Their ab-

stinence,

1 difficile^ D. Rd. ; facile, V. N. Wharton has " facile foedabiles."

• Quibus . . boniivi] This in D. Ed. Not in V. N., Wharton. Ma- lachice is a mistalce for Michece.

3 improbissimi’] D. Rd.,Wharton; improbissimi simt, V. N.

■* quasi . . dicentes’] D. Rd. ; di- centes cum apostolo, V. N., Whar- ton.

5 refectionem’] D. Rd. ; saturita- tem, V. N., Wharton.

LIBKlt IT, CAP. V.

213

Sunt igitur in penuria parci, in copia superflui. isob. Suam tamen nemo substantiam, sicut in Anfflorum ^"’ °°* ^° gente videmus, ob guloD proprise crapukeque vitium, thdr own in damnum fenebre ^ donat. substance.

In sumptibus autem exhibitionis ^ et honore,"* volunt omnes omnibus, quoniam

‘•’ Facinus quos inquinat tequat," Lucan.

Phars, V.

prava consuetudine parificari. 290.

[Cap. VI.]

De incestus crimine; ecclesiarum quoque per suc- cessiones et farticipes ahusione.

Crimen autem incestus adeo apud omnes, tam mi- Their in-

nores in populo quara etiam maiores, enormiter in- <^^stuous

^ ‘^ . ^ . . . marnages;

vakiit, quod in quarto gradu et quinto passim, in even with

tertio quoque plerumque, quia non est timor Dei ante ^°^^^°^-

oculos eorum, consanguineas ducere nec verecundantur

nec verentur. Ad sedandas quippe inimicitias, quas

inter se toties, quia veloces pedes eorum ad effunden-

dura sanguinem, hostiliter incurrunt, hujuscemodi per

se dispensationibus passim abutuntur. Ob generositatis

etiam amorem, quam tantopere cupiunt et affectant,

suae genti se jungentes, alienis omnibus, tanquam san-

guine et origine, juxta * innatse prsesumptionis arro-

gantiam, longe disparibus, modis omnibus copulari

recusant.

Matrimoniorum autem onera, nisi expertis antea Cohabita-

cohabitatione, commixtione, morum qualitate, et pne- *’°? “^"^^

cipue fecunditate, subire non solent. Proinde et marriage.

^ in damnum fenebre] D. ; in dam. fimebre, Kd. ; fenori, V. N., Wharton.

• exhibitionis’] D. Rd. Not inV- N., Wharton.

^ honore’] D. Ed., Wharton ; ho- noribus, V. N.

" juxta . . arrogantiam”] D. Rd., Wharton. Not in V. N.

214

DESCKIPTIO KAMHEIA:.

Giris pur- puelLis, sub certo parentibus pecuniii; pretio,^ et resi- piscendi poona statuta, non ducere quidem in prirais sed quasi conducere, antiquus in hac gente mos obtinuit,

Ecclesi89 vero- istorum omnes fere tot personas et participes liabent, quot capitalium virorum in parochia fjenera fuerint.

Successive quoque, et post patres, filii ecclesias obtinent, non elective ; hereditate possidentes, et pol- kientes sanctuarium Dei. Quia si prselatus alium eligere et instituere forte prajsumpserit, in instituentem procul dubio, vel institutum, genus injuriam vindicaret.

De duobus ^ autem his excessibus, incestus videlicet et successionis, radicatis olim in Armorica Britannia,

chased, on trial.

Church abuses.

Ilcreditary succession to bene- fices.

Like ex-

cesses in Bretagne.

Hild. Epp. ii. 30 (65 ofold Edd.). Therefore common to stare the whole British race.

Ps. xiii. 1-3.

necdum eradicatis, scribit in quadam epistola sua Ilde- bertus Cenomanensis episcopus, dicens* se concilio in- terfuisse cum clero Britanniae, ob has enormitates gentis illius extirpandas convocato. Ex quibus con- potest utrumque vitium toti huic genti, tam cismarinse quam transmarinae, ab antiquo commune fuisse. Unde et illud psalmistge David non incompe- tenter huic populo adaptari posse videtur ; " Corrupti " sunt, et abominabiles facti sunt in studiis suis. " Non est qui faciat bonum ; non est, usque ad unum. " Omnes declinaverunt : simul inutiles facti sunt ; ^ " non est qui faciat bonum, noii est usque ad unum. " Sepulchrum patens est guttur eorum ; linguis suis " dolose agebant; venenum aspidum sub labiis eorum. " Quorum os maledictione et amaritudine plenum est : " veloces pedes eorum ad effundendum sanguinem. " Contritio et infelicitas in viis eorum ; et viam pacis

1 pretiol D. Rd., Wharton ; nu- mero, V. N.

2 veroj D. Rd., Wharton. Not in V. N.

•* De duobus . . commune fuisse^ This is repeated, iii nearly the same

words, in the De Jure, Sfc. (vol. iii. 130).

• dicens’] D. Rd. and De Jure, Sfc. ; dicens etiam, V. N., Wharton.

• Rest of the chapter omitted in Wharton.

LIBER II, OAP. VI. 215

" non cognoverunt. Non est timor Dei ante oculos " eorum."

Similiter ^ et illud Salomonis ; " Fili mi, ne ambu- Prov. i. " les cum eis; prohibe pedem tuum - a semitis eorum. ^^’^^’ " Pedes enim illorum ad malum currunt ; et festinant " iit effundant sanguinem."

&’

[Cap. VII.]

Be peccatis eorum; et tam Britannice quam Trojcc, meritis urgentibus, amissione.

Prasterea, peccatis urgentibus, et praecipue detesta- Their sins, bili illo et nefando Sodomitico, divina ultione tam li^^^^i^ ^f olim Trojam quam postea Britanniam amiserunt. Le- Sodom, the gitur enim,’^ quia Constantinus imperator, occidentali jjj" j^^g ^^ imperio beato Silvestro et successoribus suis cum urbe Troy, and relicto, Trojam rea^dificare proponens, ibique orientalis imperii caput crigere volens, audivit hanc vocem, " Vadis reasdificare Sodomam ; " et statim mutato con- silio versus Bizantium vela pariter et vexilla convertit ; ibique imperii sui caput constituens, urbem eandem felici suo nomine decoravit,

De Mailgone quoque Britonum rege, aliisque plu- Geoffrey, rimis, in historia Britonum legitur, eodem vitio labo- ^^" ‘^’ rantibus.

Verumtamen multo jam tempore adeo a Britonibus This sin

enormitas iUa prorsus evanuit, ut ejus etiam memoria ^^°^"^’

jam apud eos vix habeatur. Proinde, quasi poenitentia known

jam fere peracta, et quoniam numero prseter solitum ^^“w^gfsh

et multitudine, viribus et armis,** bellorum quoque Their peni-

tence, &c. ;

^ This last section in D. Rd. Not in V. N.

" historia.” It is in no manuscript that I have seen.

^ Here, in V, N„ &c., without sign of anytliing vrong, comes con- tinuously their missing portion of •* Wharton adds, “in Koraana > the second Preface («//?ra,l63, n. 1).

" pedem tmim] D., vAxh. Vulgate ; pedes tuos, Rd,

2IG

DESCllIPTIO KAMlJKIiE.

and confi- .successibus, et terraruin iiicrementis, nostrls plurimum of recover- ^iebus adaucti sunt, gloriantur ad invicem, prajdicant, ing the et confidentissime jactant, toto quod ^ mirum est in

dominion i , . ……

ofBritain. ^^^^ ^P® popuio manente, quoniam in brevi cives in insulam revertentur ; et juxta Merlini sui vaticinia, exterorum tam natione pereunte (juam nuncupatione, antiquo in insula tam nomine quam omine Britones exultabunt.

Sed mihi quidem’^ longe aliter visum est. Quoniam enimvero

Ov. Ar. Am. ii. 437.

Ov. Rem. Am. 749 and 746.

" Luxuriant animi robus plerumque secundis, " Nec facile est a3qua commoda mente pati ;”

et quia

" Non habet unde suum paupertas pascat amorem ; " " Divitiis alitur luxuriosus amor ; "

ut paupertati potius in hoc exilio,^ quo extorres fere

facti sunt a regno, attribuenda sit vitii^ illius, quo

in divitiis carere nescierant, illa carentia, quam virtuti.

Their im- Qualiter etiam poenitentiam egisse,^ nedum peregisse

proveTby dicentur, quos tot peccatis vitiorumque voragini datos,

their other perjuriis puta, furtis, latrociniis, rapinis,^ homicidiis et

fratricidiis, adulteriis et incestibus, obstinata de die in

diem amplius malitia implicitos videmus et irretitos ?

Adeo’^ quidem ut verbis Osee prophet^e in ipsos uti

Os. iv.i-3. vere quis possit ; " Non est veritas, et non est mise-

" ricordia,^ et non est scientia Domini in eis. Male-

1 toto quod’] V. D., &c. ; totoque, N.

• quideni] D. Kd. Not iu V. N., Wharton.

3 koc exilio] V. N.Rd.,Wharton; exilio hoc, D.

• vitii’] D., &c. ; vitium, V. N.

^ egisse] D.Rd. Not in Wharton. Instead of egisse nedum, V. and N. have " gule nec dum."

^ rapinis’] D., &c Not in V. N.

<■ The rest of this section, Adeo . . . vapulahit, in D. Rd. Not in V. N. Wharton has the marginal note, " Deest ista periodus in Cod. West. ;" but, no doubt by mistake, opposite to the beginning of the clause be- fore, " Qualiter," &c.

• Wharton gives no more of this quotation, stopping vrith " miseri- " cordia," &c.

LIBER II, CAP. VII.

217

" dictiim, et mendacium, et homicidium, et furtum, et

" adulterium inundaverunt ; et sanguis sanguincm

" tetigit. Propter quod^ lugebit terra eorum, et in-

" fii-mabitur omnis qui habitat in ea." " Et populus Os. iv. 14.

" non intelligens vapulabit."

Alia quoque, de quibus jactant, operosis regum Nor- Others of mannorum curis, quibus Francorum superbise in trans- ^orthiesf ^ marinis tantopere^ indulgent, longe verius quam vel eorum viribus magnis vel potentiis sunt assignanda.

Hujus autem rei si certitudinem qureris, respice Victories reges Anglicos Normannis priores. Qui, quoniam hac EnViish solum insula Britannica contenti fuerant, et tantum before the his debellandis operam dabant, eosdem pene penitus conquest. saepe deleverant. Sicut rex Offa suo in tempore ; quiofOffa; et fossa finali, in longum extensa, Britones ab Anglis exclusit ; Ethelfridus quoque, qui nobilem Legionum Ethelfrid j lu-bem destruxit, et egregii illius Bangornensis monasterii ^^^* monachos, in auxilium orando vocatos, gladiis interemit. Et sicut longe plenius Haroldus ultimus : qui, pedes andHarold ipse, cumque “^ pedestri turba,* ct levibus armis, victuque ‘-‘specially. patria? conformi, tam valide totam Kambriam et cir- cuivit, et transpenetravit, ut in eadem fere mingentcm ad parietem non reliquerit.

In cujus victorise signum, perpetuamque memoriam, Memorial

lapides in Wallia more antiquo in titulum erectos, ^*°"^f,?^ ,.,.,.. ., . . Harolds

locis plerisque ^ m quibus victor extiterat, literas victories.

hujusraodi insculptas ‘^ habentes plurimos invenies, Hic

FUIT VICTOR HAROLDUS.

Ob has igitur tam cruentas tamque recentes Angio- Wales

in

rum de hac ffcnte victorias, primi tres Normannorum P^^fcefui

, . . .^ suDjection

reges m tanta subjectione tamque pacificam suis diebus to the first

^ quod] D. ; hoc, Kd., with Val- gate.

" Wharton has, " tanto prseindul- " gent.”

3 cumque’] V. N. Ed., Wharton ; cum, D.

• turba] So the MSS. Wharton has " turma."

5 plerisque’] D. Rd. Not in V. N., Wharton»

« insculptas’] V.N. Rd.,Wharton; sculptas, D.

218

DESCIUPTIO KAMURI^.

threeNor- Wiilliam tenuere. Quoruiu temporibus gens hsec in

man kings. ■, • -, , • . • >

numero plunmum adaucta, armis etiam et equis a

Normannis et Anglis, quos et curiam sequendo et

obsides dando jam frequentaverant, edocta paulatim

et assueta, trium sequentium tempore, propter majores,

iit diximus, quibus transmarinas ad partes tenebantur

curas, cervicem ^ erigentes, et terras occupantes, pristi-

num ferre jugum omnino respuerunt.

IIow the “Wclsh are to be sub- dutd. A year’s continual care and toil neces- sary.

Their di^^i- sions to be fostered by gifts and promises.

Castles to be built.

132 b.

Trade •with England to be stopped. And the coast blockaded.

[Cap. VIII.] Qualiter gens ista sit expugnanda.

Porro qui gentem hanc subjugare, pacificamque tenere voluerit, hac arte utatur. In primis operam ad minus annuam, operosamqiie curam et assiduam, huic adhibere negotio princeps - in animo fixum habeat. Gens etenim, quje nec in campo contra exercitum armatum consortis viribus aperte congreditur, nec in castelKs obsidionem exspectat, non impetu primo, sed per moram diligentem et vacationem est expugnanda. Deinde vires eorum dividat, et quosdam ex ipsis ad alios confundendos, quia se invicem odio et iuvidia persequi solent, donariis alliciat tam prsemissis quam promissis. Et sic, autumnali in tempore, non sohim marchia, sed etiam terra interior locis idoneis, casteUis, ahmentis copiose refertis ^ et familiis bonis, bene muniatur.

Interim autem cuncta mercimonia ferri,* panni, sahs, et bladi, quibus ab Anglicana copia sustentari solent, arctius eis inhibeantur. Naves quoque, vaiidis plense viris, ne per Hybernicum vel Sabrinum mare eis prae-

1 ceTviceni] D. Rd., Wharton ; cervices, V. N.

• princeps’] So V. N. Ed. and Wharton. In D. it comes at the end of the sentence, after “habeat.”

^ copiose refertis’] So the MSS. Not in Wharton.

• /erri] So the MSS. ; frumenti, Wharton.

LIBEll II, CAP. VIII.

219

dicta navigio defem possint, aliquot ad tutelam adlii-

beantur : quibus et ab liostibus arceantur, et suis

victualia deferantur.

Subsequenter autem, liieme ingruento majore, vel ^tl^eearly

potius -^ ejusdem finc, Martio videlicet et Februario, their fast-

cum et foliis silvie, et pascuis montana caruerint, °^^^^^ ^^ ^,*^

^ f. T 1 penetrated

praedis abductis, ipsisque jam per famibas et crebros by a strong undique castrensium impetus plurimum afflictis, cum j?^j^^ °^ exercitu pedestri valido, mediocriter et non ad onus anned armato, usque ad eorum latibula, silvarumque condensa, ^ ^°^’ et arborum confraga, viriliter transpenetretur. Semper Frequent autem pedestribus turmis e vestigio sequentes, ad for- of^resjf titudinem et refugium, milites aliquot adjiciantur. Et troops. sic, per crebras confligentium mutationes, ut fatigatis semper turmis nov» succedant, per csedes quoque et strages multas, si casus obtulerit, expugnentur. Non Much loss enim bis sine, nec absque periculo multorum et damno, p*^cted^^’ gens poterit inimica debellari.

Sed licet hodie de Anglorum exercitu stipendiarii Engiish multi ceciderint, cras nihilominus ad eadera discrimina ries maj^iie totidem vel plures moneta dabit. De Kambrensibus repiaced ;

, . 1 • . ,.-,.. but to the

autem, quoniam nec aliemgenas nec stipendiarios “v'eish,ioss habent, quicunque ceciderint, damnum eis inprsesen- °^ ‘^’^’^ “’-

,. . ^ 1-1 o . reparable.

tiamm irreparabile net.

In hoc ^ itaque negotio, sicut artifici credendum est The coun- in sua facultate, sic horum prfecipue standum est con- ^^^^ j° ^,^ silio, quij circa similia patrise negotia conversati marchers diutius et usitati, mores gentis et modos agnoscunt ; lowed. quorumque magnopere refert, ut gens inimica, quacum ex crebris belli diutini conflictibus hostilitatem pluri- mam et odium implacabile contraxerunt, eorundem opera vel debilitari possit vel deleri.

1 velpotius . . Februario’] Sothe MSS. Not in Wharton.

• Almost the whole of the next five sections, down to “congressi- " bus adhibendi,” is repeated from

Cap. 38 of the 2nd Book of the Exp. Hib. (vol. V. 39.5), in neai-ly the same words, but not in the same order ; and in two or three instances with additional matter.

220

UESCKirXlO KAMBUl.L.

For such war the troops of the raarches the best.

And light- armed troops much the best.

Felices dixerim Kambria3 fines, quos Anglorum gens inhal)itat, si reges eoruiidem, in ])artiljus illis guber- nandis, et propulsandis ininiica? gentis iujuriis, j^his marcliionum et baronura patri^e quam Andegavorum et Normannorum eonsiliis et dispositionibus olim usi fuissent.

In hac autem expeditione, sicut et ^ in alia qualibct sive Hybernica sive Kambrica, gens in Kambrise marchia nutrita, gens hostilibus partium illarum con- flictibus exercitata, competentissima ; puta, formatis a convictu moribus, audax et expedita ; cum alea Martis exegerit, nunc equis habilis, nunc pedibus agilis inventa ; cibo potuque non delicata, tam Cerere quam Baccho, causis urgentibus, ab.stinere parata. Talibus tam Hybernia quam Kambria viris initium habuit expugnationis : talibus quoque, vel nullis, consumma- bilis finem habitura conquisitionis. Flandrenses quippe, Normanni, Coterelli, et Bragmanni, quanquam suis in terris militcs egregii sint, et armis instructissimi, Gallica tamen militia multum ^ a Kambrica, sicut ab Hybernica, distare dignoscitur. Ibi namque plana petuntur, hic aspera ; ibi " campestria, hic silvestria ; ibi arma honori, hic oneri ; ibi stabilitate vincitur, hic agilitate ; ibi capiuntur milites, hic decapitantur ; ibi redimuntur, hic perimuntur.

Sicut igitur, ubi militares acies de plano conveniunt, gravis illa et niultiplex armatura, tam linea scilicet quam ferrea, milites egregie munit et ornat, sic, ubi solum in arcto confligitur, seu loco silvestri seu palus- tri, ubi pedites potius quam equites locum habent, longe levis armatura prgestantior. Contra inermes namque viros, quibus semper in prirao fere impetu vel parta est statim vel perdita victoria, expeditiora satis arma suificiunt ; ubi fugitivam et agilem per arcta vel

’ «-OI^-Kd. Notin V.N.,Whar- ton.

• multuni] So the MSS. Wharton.

Not in

LIBER II, CAP. VIII.

221

aspera gentem sola necesse est gravi ’ quadam et armata mediocriter afrilitate confundi. Cum illa nimirum armatura multiplici, sellisque recurvis et altis, difficile descenditur, difficilius ascenditur, difficillime, cum opus est, pedibus itur. Ut igitur

" Singula qureque locum teneant sortita decenter,” Hor. A. P.

9-2.

contra graves et armatos, solumque virium robore et

armorum ope connsos, de plano dimicare victoriamque

vi obtinere contendentes, ai*matis quoque viris et viri- 1335.

bus opus ibi esse proculdubio protestamur : contra

leves autem et agiles, et aspera petentes, levis arma-

turse viri, taliumque prsesertim exercitati congressibus,

adhibendi.

Urbes autem et castra quse Sabrina perlabitur, The towns, totaque terra ab occidua ejusdem parte versus Walliam gpYern to ab Anglis occupata, necnon et Slopesburia^ provincia, have spe- et Cestria tota, communise ’ viribus et armis, vel alio ^^j^ ri^ts quovis speciali libertatis honore, provida principis largitione lastentur.

Ubi et aunis singulis, per viros probos et discretos Their arms ad hoc deputatos, qui patria? tutelai et defensioni, ^’’^^^’^^•■ses non rapinis intendant et destructioni, bellici apparatus, spected armorum scilicet et equorum, visio fiat. Barones ^ ^””"^’ y- quoque partium illarum super unanimi gentis hostilis expugnatione sacramentis arctissime constringantur : quatinus ibidem tam militibus et civibus, quam ser- The whole vientibus populoque toto, armis instructis et assuetis, to^g’’^^’"" et libertati in hunc modum libertas opponatur, et per trained to superbiam superbia retundatur. ^™^’

Kambri nimirum, quia nec laboriosis oneribus oppri- Liberty

’ gravi seems -wrong. But the sentence is as in the text in all MSS., both of the Exp. Hib. and of the present treatise.

• communice] D. ; communi se,V.

N. ; communiter, Ed. ; communita;, Wharton.

3 Barones . . constringantur’] So the MSS. Not in Wharton.

222

DESCRIPTIO K.UaBIlIJ!;.

enjoyed by muntur,^ nec servilibus operibus uttoruntur, nec donii- ’ norum exactionibus ullis molestantui-, liinc eis ad propulsandas injurias cervix erecta, hinc ad patriae tutelam audacia tanta, binc amiis semper et rebelli- onibus gens parata.- Nihil est etenim quod adeo corda virorum ad probitatem excitet, erigat, et invitet, ut libei"tatis hilaritas ; nihil adeo deprimit et deterret, ut servitutis oppressio.

Poterit etiam hsec regni particula, armis et animosi- tate munita, non solum in finibus istis, verum et alibi, in necessitatis articulis, tam remotis partibus quam propinquis, egregie principi militare.

Et si forte a provinciis istis, annuis vectigalibus fiscali minus serario proveniat, regni pace et regis honore plene et abunde defectus iste^ compensetur. Pra3sertim etiam cum expeditionis unius ad Walli- arum* partes gravis admodum et periculosa sumptu- ositas multorum soleat annorum ^ fiscales finium illorum reditus a^quiparare.

[CAP; IX.]

Qualiter, expugnata, sit gubernanda.

Gens

igitur

hsec, sicut per industriam prsedicto

Welsh ^ tenore est expugnanda, sic, expugnata, moderato in

when sub- hunc modum regimine est gubernanda. Constantis et dued, to be . ,. . …. . . . ’ •■i .

govemed. vmdicis animi viris cura regimmis committatur: qui

Tobe treated

et pacis tempore, dum legibus obtemperat, et sei"vire

1 opprimuntur . . . operibtis’] So the MSS. Not in Wharton.

• parata] D. Rd. ; promptissima, V. N., Wharton.

^ defectus iste] D. Kd., Wharton. Not in V. N.

• Walliarum partes gravis’] So the MSS. ; Walliani gravis partes, Wharton.

^ annorum’] D. Rd, ; armorum, V. N., Wharton.

^ Much of the first four sections of this chapter, down to " lapsus " anterior," infra, 224, is repeated from Cap. 39 of the 2nd Book of the Ezp. Hib. (vol. v. 398), but with alterations and additions.

LIBER II, CAP. IX.

223

non recusat, ipsam interim stabili eonventione deliniat, witli kind- et honore prseveniat. Gens ^ etenim lisec, sicut et gens pe^cefui. barbara qugevis, quanquam lionorem nesciant, lionorari tamen super omnia quserunt ; et veritatem, quam in se non habent, in aliis approbant et veuerantur.

Cum autem innatse ^ levitatis indicio a pace resilire With strict prsesumpserint, dissimulata prorsus mansuetudine, con- rebellious. tinuo vitium vindicta sequatur. Cum iterum ad pacem reversi fuerint, condigna delicti satisfactione secuta, quoniam

’’ Post inimicitias irse meminisse malorum est,"

quamdiu fideliter steterint dissimulata prorsus injuria pristina, [statim] tam^ securitate gaudeant quam honore: quatinus tam ad obsequendum, quam ad pacis bona sequendum, et prsemium invitet, et a temerariis ausibus secutura semper poena deterreat.

PoiTO, qui ista confundunt, in delictis deferendo, in Ilave been obsequiis deprimendo, in guerra blandiendo, in pace rgnfi„ ’ ^’ deprsedando, imbelles spoliando, rebelles venerando, treated sicut plerosque vidimus, et finium* illorum cura com- j.^ J°g"^® missa abusos novimus, hi, confusa sub se cuncta red- dentes, demum et ipsi confunduntur.

Prseterea, quia minus ea Isedere solent quae prse- In time of videntur, et quia felix est illa civitas quse in pace ^asUes to bellum cogitat, pacis tempore contra imminentia Mar- be buiit, tis ^ incommoda, tam castrorum constructione, quam ™^^g ^^ silvestrium viarum ampliatione, necnon et familiae

1 Gens …. venerantiir^l This clause is from Cap. 36 of Exp. Hib. II. (vol. V. 390), but in different words.

• innatce] So the MSS., and so in Exp. Hib. (398). Wharton has " usitatae " in his text, and " innata; " Cod. Cotton.-’ in the margin ; as if " usitatae " was the reading of the lost Westminster MS.

^ statim tani] V. N., Wharton, and Exp. Hib, ; tamen tam, Rd. ; tam, D.

• etfinium . . . novimus’] J). Rd. Not in V. N. or Wharton, and not in the corresponding passage of the Exp. Hib. (398).

•’ Martisl^ D. Rd.,Wharton. Not in V. N.

224

DESCRIPTIO KAMBRIiE.

No ruler ever to trust in their good faith.

134 1).

prremunia- servantur ‘^

bonre retentione, vir bonus et^ prudens

tur- et prtieparetur. Qui enim in pace

et sustentantur, lii longe promptius, securius, atque

fidelius, urgentiLus ineoraniodis, ad bella vocantur. Et

quoniam semper insidias sub amicitise fuco gens vi

subacta* molitur, princeps aut^ prsefectus

nunquam

eorum *’ caput suum aut

niam enimvero.

msignium

castrum fidei " donet. Quo- virorum exemplis, quorum

quosdam crudeliter extinctos, alios autem castris et honore privatos, per talem ^ incuriam vidimus et negligentiam ; nationis enim subdolse ^ longe ^^ fortius

o o ? o

timenda est ars quam Mars, pax quam fax, mel quam fel, malitia quam militia, proditio quam expeditio, amicitia prsefucata quani inimicitia despicata; expedit itaque viro prudenti ac provido alienis in malis fugi- enda contemplari. Indemnis etenim est ^^ castigatio, quam prffidocent exemplaria : quoniam, ut ait Enodius, " Ruina priiecedentium posteros docet, et cautio est " semper in reliquum lapsus anterior."

Howthey Citra^^ conflictum autem et

sanguinis

effusionem

1 honus et] T>. Not in V. N. Rd., Wharton, or E.vp. Hib.

• pramuniatur’} D, Rd.,Wharton, and Exp. Hib. ; praevideatur, V. N.

^ servantur’^ D. Rd. ; foventur, V. N., Wharton.

•• vi subacta] So tlie MSS. ; in- subacta, Wharton.

5 aut-\ D.; vel,V.N.Rd.,WhaT- ton.

•^ nunquam eorum’] V. N. Rd., Wharton ; eorum nunquam D.

7 fidei’] So the MSS. Wharton has " fidelitati " in his text, and " fidei Cod. Cotton." in themargin; as if “fidelitati” was the reading of the Westminster MS.

8 talem] D. Not in V. N. Rd., Wharton.

5 enim subdola’] D.; subdolse,Rd.;

subdolas et subacta^, V. N., Whar- ton.

^" longe . . . despicata] This was evidently, in Giraldus’s estimation, one of the primest specimens of his exquisite scholastic pen. It has oc- curred in the Top. Hib. (vol. v. 166), as -well as in the Exp. Hib. (399).

11 est] D. Rd. Not in V. N. But V. has " et " before etenim. Whar- ton has " est enim."

1- Citra, Sfc.] Opposite to this,in mai-gin of Wharton, is, " Desunt " reliqua hujusce capituli in Cod. " Westm." But this section, " Ci- " tra . . compellantur," is in V. N. as well as D. Rd. Wharton’s mar- ginal note is probably misplaced.

LIBER II, CAP. IX.

225

tanta expecliro negotia piu.s prineeps si })ra!elegerit, niarchia ut dixiinus per oninia latera bene munita, commerciis quoque per mare per terras districte pro- hibitis, quidam Kambrensium in alios, stipendiis datis, terrisque aliorum in alios coUatis, letalibus exitiis ex- citentur ; ut ^ sic demum - tam fame et inedia, cunc- torumque fere ingruente penuria necessariorum, quam csedibus inter se creberrimis, et inimicitiis implacabi- libus demum afflicti, infra non longum tempus^ ad deditionem proculdubio compellantur.*

Tria sunt enim qujie gentera hanc destruunt, et fructuosae propaginis gaudia percipere non permittunt. Quod paternam hereditatem filii inter se, tam natu- rales quam legitimi, herili portione dividere conten- dunt : propter quod et fratricidia, ut dixiraus, crebra contingunt. Et quod fortibus et generosis provincire viris filii traduntur alendi : quorum quilibet, defunctis patribus, suum modis omnibus, unde csedes et incendia tot, patri&^que destructio tota, anteponere conatur alumuum. Et hoc prsecipue, quod, aliarum ^ gentium more quas^ feliciter vivunt, unius regis consilio, uni- que subjici dominio, obstinata pariter et elata mente recusant.

may be compelled to subniis- sion, witb- out loss to the English.

Three

things

their ruin.

Ist, The

Gavelkind

inherit-

ance.

2nd, The

foster-

fathering.

3rd, and especially, their refu- sal to be govemed by one prince.

» 1*0 D. Rd., Wharton ; et, V. N.

• deinum’} D. Rd., Wharton. Not in V. N.

^ 7ion longutn tetnpus’] D. Rd., Wharton ; trienniimi vel quadrien- nium, V. N.

■* After this follows, in V. and N., " Unde et expulso prorsus veteri " colono, aliaque ad regna trans- " lato, de Cambria coloniam prin- " ceps eflficere praevalebit.

“Porro terram tam hispidam et " tam inviam, tamque cclonos do- " mabiles habere nesciam, quas- " desertum penitus bestiis relin- " quere, atque forestam inde facere, " provido principi longe tutius et " consultius fore, nonnulli sunt qui " arbitrentur.”

With this the chapter ends in V. N. They have not the last section ofD. Ed., “Tria . . recusant.”

• Rd. has “alicrum " and “qui.”

VOL. VI.

S26

DE9CRIPTIO KAMBRIiK.

ITow the Welsh may efiFectiuilly rebel.

They must practise French warfare : have una- nimous princes ; or rather, one good prince. If insepar- ahle, they would be insuper- able. Their Btrong country, &c.

While the English fight for plunder and pay ; they for liberty and their oountry.

[Cap. X.]

Qualiter eadem ^ resistere valeat, et rehdlare.

Sed quoniam pro Anglis hactenus diligenter admo- dum et exquisite disseruimus,” sicut autem ex utraque gente originem duximus, sic jeque pro utraque dispu- tandum ratio dictat, ad Kambros denuo, in calce libeUi, stilum vertnmus, eosquc de arte rebeliandi breviter sed tamen efficaciter instruamus.

Si ergo armatura Gallica Kambri plenius et commu- nius uti consueverint,^ stabilique magis pugnse quam agilitati dimicando confisi fuerint f item si principcs corum unanimes in defensione et insepai"abiles esse voluerint ; vel potius, si uno gauderent principe, et illo bono ; in terra tam hispida, tam munitissima, gens prsevalida vinci ad plenum vix valeret.

Si igitur inseparabiles fieri ■* vellent, et insuperabiles valde ^ fieri possent ; prtecipue tribus adjuti, terra scilicet^ in se munita, parvoque vivere gente tam consueta quam contenta, et plebe tota sicut et nobili- bus armis instructa.

Prsesertim etiam cuni Angli pro cupiditate certent, Kambri pro libertate ; illi de lucro captando, isti de damno vitando ; stipendiarii eorum ‘^ pro pecunia, isti pro patria ; illi, inquam, ut hos ab insula prorsus ex- pellant, totamque terrag faciem simul obtineant, isti vero ut qui^ universo tamdiu regno soh prsesidebant, in hoc saltem ejusdem angulo pessimo, silvis,*^ mon-

1 eadeni’] D. Rd., Wharton. Not in V. N.

^ consueverint’] D. Rd. ; assueve- rint, V. N., Wharton.

’ confisi fuerinf} D. Rd. ; confi- derint, V, N., Wharton.

• Instead of this first^er?, Whar- ton has " esse."

" valdc’] D. Ed., Wharton. Not in V. N.

^ scilicet] D. Not in V. N. Rd., Wharton.

7 eorum] D. Rd. ; illorum,V. N., Wharton.

^ qui] D. Rd., Wharton. Not in V. N.

9 silvis] V. N. D., Wharton, Not inRd.

LIBER II, CAP. X.

227

tibus, et paludibus conserto^ delitescant, et quasi pro dclictis liuc rolegati, prfcscriptisque divitiarura exces- sibus, usque ad prceflnitum tempus in paupertate et inedia poenitcntiam agant.

Plurimam quippe animositati* scintillam exprimere, Their plurimam rebellionis audaciam imprimere potest con- n"^,‘j^|L . tinua pristinae nobilitatis memoria ; et non solum Trojan and Trojanaj generositatis, verum etiam regni Britamiici tantae et tam diuturna) regijB majestatis recordatio.

Unde et Anjjlorum res:e Henrico secundo in aus- Answer of

“TO’ 1 K

tralem Walliam apud Pencadeyr, ^ quod Caput cathe- adherent to droi sonat, nostris diebus in lianc gentem ^ expeditionem Henry ii. agente, consultus ab eo senior quidam populi ejus- subjuffa- dem, * qui contra alios tamen vitio gentis eidem tion of adlireserat, super exercitu regio, populoque rebelli si resistere posset, quid ei videretur, bellicique eventus suam ut ei declararet opinionem, respondit ; " Gravari " quidem, plurimaque ex parte destrui et debilitari " vestris, rex, alionamque viribus, nunc ut’* olim et " pluries, meritorum exigentia, gens ista valebit. " Ad plenum autem, propter hominis iram, nisi et ira They wiU " Dei concun’erit, nou delebitur. Nec alia, ut arbi- j*^^f^ ^^,

… . aestroyed ;

" tror, gens quam iisec Kambrica, aliave lingua, in die ] 35 b. " districti examinis coram Judice supremo, quicquid ^”*^ *^^""

language

" de ampliori contingat, pro lioc teiTarum angulo never " respondebit." «’^’^^^-

Explieit. ®

• montihus et paludibus conserto] D. Rd. ; et paludibus, V. N., Whar- ton.

• Pencadeyr] D. ; Pencader, V. N., Wharton. This expedition of Henry II. into South Wales -was in 1163 : supra, 138.

" in hanc gentem"] D. Rd., Whar- ton. Not in V. N.

• populi ejusdeni] D. Rd. ; de gente Cambronim, V. N., Wharton.

5 uf] D. Rd., Wharton.

V.N.

Not in

• Explicit’] D. ; Explicit Giraldns Cambrensis, V. N. ; Explicit libel- Ins de Cambria; descriptione, Rd.

GLOSSARIES.

GLOSSARY I.

OF UNUSUAL WORDS.

[Wlien Welsh words occur only once, and are explaincd in the notes, as for instance at p. 194, 1 have not thought it necessary always to repeat them in this Glossary.]

A.

Abaioth, 199, n. 3 ; used by Giraldus instead of Naioth of the Vulgatc, 1 Reg. xix., 18-23. I can suggest no cxplanation.

Abek, 20, 1. 14 ; 171, 1. 32 ; a Welsh word, signifying thc junction of one river with another, or of a river Avith the sea ; a common component of the Welsh names of places.

ARPENTUiT, 114, 1. 26 ; Fr. Arpcnt, an acrc, or other measurc of land. Scc Du Cange. Giraldus scems to usc it in thc scnse of a small plot of land, without reference to any exact amount.

AiiREOLUS, 125, 1. 16 ; a bird, described as “aurco croceoquc " colore conspicua,” and a sweet songster. Perhaps the goldfinch is meant. It sounds more like tho golden oriole. This is now a very rare visitant to England; but it does not at all follow that it was an equally rare bu"d, in thc very diffcrent state of the country, in Giraldus’B days. It is a bird of a closely-wooded country.

A^VENNiTHiON, 194, 1. 21 ; Awcuyddion, the plural foi-m of thc Welsh word Awenydd, a poet, an iuspired persou.

B.

Baco, 90, 1. 12 ; tho whole salted carcase of a pig ; or rather,

perhaps, a flitch of bacon. Sce Du Cange. Bangu, 18. The Welsh name for a handbell, Gii"aldus says ;

but I find no such word in Welsh dictionaries. Beveres, 118, 1. 11 ; bcavers. Sec Du Cangc, undcr Bcver.

In other instances Giraldus calls them " Castores."

232 OLOSSAHV I.

Braciian, 01- BniCHAN, 184, 1. 16; Jicoarse cloth manufacturecl by the Welsh ; " Paiinus durus et asper, quem patria parit."

Bkaomanni, 220, 1. 18; the narae given by Giraldus, — and by no one che, so far as I have been able to see, — to the mer- cenary troops, generally called Brabancenes, or lloutiers, by other writers of his time. See Glossary, Vol. v., 417.

Bria, 212, 1. 19; a measure. The word seems lo be applied cspecially, as by Giraldus, to the quantity of drink meted out to each one of a party. See Du Cange.

c.

Cantaredus, 127, I. 10, and elsewhere ; a cantrev. A Welsh

and Irish term, Giraldus explains, for the district of land

coutaining a hundred vills; from cant, a hundred, and

trel" a township, 169, I. 16. So also in Vol. v., 145, 348.

Giraldus several times uses the Welsh word, when naming

some special cantrev. See Cantrev Bychan, and Cantrev

Mawr, in Index, infra. Cavmiticus, 69, 1. 15 ; Cain-like, fratricidal. Chorus, 187, 1. 10 ; the Welsh Crwth, or Crowd ; a musical

instrument of the Welsh and Scotch. See Glossary, Vol. v.,

CcELiBEs, or CoLiDEi, 124, 1. 9_; the monks called Culdees.

Sce Du Cange, under Colidei. CoLLUM PEDis, 64, 1. 19 ; the neck-like part of the leg, at the

ancle. See Du Cange. CoMMUNiA, 221, 1. 18 ; where it seems to meau a community ;

a corporate body, with especial privileges. See Du Cange,

under Commune (2), &c. CoNFRAGA, 219, 1. 11 ; breakings doAvn of trees, for purposes

of defence against an enemy. See Du Cange, under Con-

fragmentum. CoNJECTURARE, 60, n. 1., 98, 1. 22; to conjecture, to divine.

In the first instance, the majority of manuscripts have

instead the more classical word " conjectare." CoRNHiRiEZ, 62, last line ; trumpeters : from the Welsh grain,

a horn, and hir, long. CoTERELLi, 220, I. 18 ; means much the same as Bragmanni,

supra ; one of the names given to the Routiers. See Du

Cange.

OLOSSARY I. 233

D.

Da, id est, bonu(5, 167, 1. 13; Dda, Welsh for good.

DiETA, 165, 11. 9, 12 ; a day’s journey. Giraldus makcs it equivalent to 2o miles ; " octo dieta; " of 1. 9 representing the samc distance as " ducenta milia passuum " of 1. 6 ; and " quatuor diet<e " of 1. 12, the same as " centum milia " of

1. 7. In the Top. Hib. (Vol. v., 24), Giraldus measurcs Irish distances by great and Irish day’s journeys of 40 miles, — " dierum magni et Hibernici, quadraginta scilicet " miliarium, excursus."

DissiPARE, 98, 1. 15; whcre it is used as a neuter vcrb, in the sensc of To scatter thcmselves, To disappear.

DuuR, 77, 1. 15; 194, 1. 12. Dwfr of modcrn Welsh, water.

E.

Energumeni, 195, 1. 16; Gr. ‘EvtfyovfjLevat ; pcrsons possesscd

by evil spirits. Ensis, 89, 1. 2 ; where used for the blade-bone of a shoulder

of mutton. I lind no other instance of such use of the word. Epilogium, 70, 1. 22 ; au epilogue. Sce Du Cange. ExiiiBiTio, 183, 1. 24 ; 213, 1. 5 ; the entcrtainment of gucsts.

ExHiBiTus, iu the sense of entertained as guests, occurs

repeatedly.

G.

Gernoboda, 185, 1. 12 ; the hair of the upper lip, the moustachc. See Du Cange, under Grani.

H.

Hal, 77, 1. 17 ; 171, 1. 19; 194, 1. 12 ; Gr.^AX,;, salt. Haleyn or Halein, 77, 11. 17, 25 ; 194, 1. 13 ; Halen of

moden^ Welsh, salt. IIemi, 77, 1. 29; 171, 1. 19; Gr. ‘H,a., half. Hepta, 77, 1. 29 ; 171, 1. 19; Gi: ‘Eitrci, seven.

234 GLOSSAllY I.

Herilis poktio, 69, 1. 12; 134, L 15; 211, 1. 22; 225, L 14.

The cquul sliare of the deceased futher’s estate, which, by

the custom of Gavelkind, which prcvailed in Wales, came

to each son. HucnEiLWEu, or 8upekiores viri, 166, L 27 ; Uchehvi-, of

modern Welsh ; from uchcl, high, and gwr, a man.

K.

Kam, 178, 1. 23 ; Cam, in modern Welsh, crookod. KEMBitAEC, 178, 1. 22 ; Cymi-aeg, the Wclsh lauguago. Kemmotus, 34, 1. 3 ; Cymwd in Wolsh, a comot, the fourth pait of a cantrev.

Lecator, 109, 1. 1 ; a scuirilous persou. See Du Cange. Lechlavak, 107 ; Llech Llafar, ix:, the speaking stone. Leporarius, 69, 1. 24; 138, 1. 22. Fr. Levrier. Not a

haiTier, as the word would scem to indicate, but a grey-

hound ; a dog that runs hares, uot by scent, but sight.

Sce Du Cange, under Canis Leporaiius. A harrier was

BrachetuB, a Brachet.

M. _ .

Mam Kembre or Mamkembre, 127, 1. 27 ; 177, 1. 5 ; Mam Cymmru, i.e., the mother of Wales ; proverbially applied, Giraldus says, to the island of Mon, or Anglesey, because of its great fruitfulness in grain.

Melotus, 115. 1. 21 ; a badger. Used by Giraldus in the third edition only of the Itinerarium, and the second of the Descriptio Kambrice. Li the earlier editions of these treatises, he had used the ordinary form " Melota ; " as also in all the editions of the Topographia Hibernica. I find no instauce of " Melotus " elsewhere.

MuLVELLUS, 136, L 11 ; a sea fish ; the muUet (?). See Du Cange.

OLOSSARY I. 235

o.

OdopOKION, 3, 1. 3 ; Gr. ‘O^oimptov. Giialdus, in the third cdition only of the Itineraiy, thus calls his history of archbishop Baldwin’s progress through Wales. According to Leland, a metrical. histoiy of Richard I.’s expcdition to the Holy Land was entitled " Hodceporicon Ricardi Regis." See Pro- fessor Stubbs’ Preface (xxxvi) to the Itin. Regis Ricardi.

Paktt lapldes, 45, 1. 4 ; where they are said to be vulgarly . called " Liberi," free-stone, because of their being easily worked. Giraldus uses the word in other instances. In the Vita S. Remigii, SfC, cap. xxvi {Anglia Sacra, ii. 419, 1. 21), he describes St. Hugh as building a new east end of Lincohi cathedral with " Pai"ii lapides : " and so again when describhig Hugh’s chui’ch-buildiug at Lincoln, in the as yet unpublislied Vita S. Hugonis (MS. No. 425, C. C. C. Cam- bridge, p. 106). And in the life of archbishop Geoffi"ey (I. 3), in a passage omitted by Wharton, Giraldus describes, when writmg about events of the year 1174, the “Pariaj structm"ai " of a new hall lately built by archbishop Roger at York. See also De Instr. Princ, 143, 1. 9.

Pascha FLORrDUM, 124, 1. 5 ; Pahn Sunday.

Penitimus, 56, 1.31 ; 137, 1. 18 ; superlative of tho adjective “Penitus;” innermost. The comparative “Penitior” occurs at p. 15,1.26. “Penitimus” occurs several times in the Exp. Hib. of Vol. V. ; 234, 1. 20; 336, 1. 25 ; 391, 1. 23 ; 402, 1. 22. I ought to have noticed it in the glossary to that volumCj but it never struck me as being other than a good classical word, until a good classical friend accused me of having misread the word “Finitimus,” which would have made equally good sense in the passage where he happened to hit upon the stiange to him " Penitimus.” But he is well versed iu medieval as AveU as classical Latinity. The Avord, therefore, is perhaps peculiar to Giraldus. I certainly can give no instance of its use iu auy other writer, though it seems perfectly familiar to mo. It is not mentioned by Du Cange.

23G QLOSSARY I.

PiiANATicr, 195, 1. 16 ; fieiizied persons, I supi)osc. Giraldus describes spirits as speaking by tlie mouths of " Phaniitici et Energumeni."

PR.i;CLms, 8, 1. 23 ; famous, illustrious. See Du Cange. It is not a very rare word, but it seems to have puzzled medicval copyists. Sce notc 2, p. 8. Giraldus had uscd it before, in tho Exp. Hih. (Vol. v., 235, 1. 7.).

S.

Spec, 125, 1. 14; where said to bc the French word for " Picus," a woodpecker ; " Pic " of modern French.

Stadia, 16, n. 1 ; 126, n. 3. In thesc places it is used for miles, in the first edition of the Itin., as given us in manu- scripts R, B ; after editions having " milia," or " miliaria," or " passuum milia." In another instance, however, manu- scripts R. and B. have " miliaria " (92, 1. 8) ; agreeing, in this diversity, \vith their copy of the Exp. Hih. ; where also they havc the correct word, as well as the strange " Stadia ; " See Vol. V., preface, xxxii. In one case (17, n. 2), the third edition of thc Itinerary has " stadia," witli the first ; though the sccond edition, as given us in manuscript Hc, has " inilia." This must have been owing to a mere bit of inadvertence.

T.

Texti LiBRi, 203, 1. 20. Textus-i rs au ujiusual form ; but, no doubt, Giraldus’s " Libri Texti," if I am right iu joiniug them, mean simply the same as " Textus-uum," treasured and lioly copies of the Gospels. See Du Cange. Perhaps the words ought to be written separately, " Libris, Textis ; " but this would not at aU remove the difiiculty about Textus-i.

Thymallus, or Umbra, 33, 1. 22 ; the grayling. See Vol. V., 434.

Tkait, 124, 1. 1 ; tras, in modern Wclsh ; a tract of sand ; a sandy ostuary ; or rather, perhaps, an inlet of the sea. See Traitmaur in Glossary II.

GLOSSARY I. 237

Tref, i.e. villa, 169,1. 17 ; Welsh for ii township; stillRospelt.

Tkicatuea, 123, 1. 10. This word, of which I can fiiul no other instance, must mean a twistiug or interlacing, or some- thing of the sort. At any rate, it is clear that Giraldus’s " Ferrea lorica) tricatura " is the coat of mail of the ring armour of his time.

TuRTRA, 33, 1. 18 ; 136, 1. 4. So Giraldus continues to call the trout, as in the Topog. Hihern. of Vol. v. See the Glossary to that volume. In the metrical abstract of Higden {Pohj- chronicon, I., 422), it is " Turtrus ; " the gender being changed to suit the rhyme.

u.

Umbra. See Thymallus.

ViRGEUS, 69, 1. 25 ; where applied to the markings of a grey- hound. Striped, or streaked, it Avould seem to mean ; a medieval form of Virgatus. See Du Cange under Virga (1) and Virgatus ; where is, " Glossce Gr. et Lat., ‘PaSSwTo?,

" Virgeus."

Ydor, 77, 1. 13; 194,1. 12; Gr. “TSwp, water. And Ydri

1. 14 ; Gr. ‘Tdptoc, a water-vessel.

CxLOSSAUY II.

OF NAIVIES OF TERSONS AND PLACES.

A.

Abekcorran, 172 ; auothei- namc, it wonld seera, for Tala- charn, or Laugharne, Caennavthenshire. But Giraldus speaks of " Abercorran ct Talachar,” as if they were two distinct phices. By the former, perhaps, he meaus the town, at the mouth of the river Corran ; and by the latter the adjoining castle of Tahacharn. The Brut y Tywys., in one instance (A° 1189), calls the castle Abercorran ; but in others, Talacharn.

ABEREScm), 175 ; Aberystwyth, Cardiganshire.

Aberfrau, 81, 169; Aberffraw, Anglesey; where thc royal court of the princes of North Wales.

Abergevenxi, 47, &c., 171 ; Abergavenni, Monmouthshire.

Aberhotheni, 20, 32, 171 ; Aber-Honddu, or Aberhodni, the Welsh name of the to"svTi Brecknock or Brecon ; whero the principal castle ofthe province of Brecheiniog, 32, 1. 4; 171,

1. 30. Giraldus’s Brecheniauc is always the province, not the town.

Aberta"we, 73, 172 ; Abertawe, or Abertawy, thc Welsh name of Swansea, Glamorganshii-e.

Aberteivi, 112, 122; the Welsh name of Cardigan, the town. Giraldus’s Keirdigan, Keredigan, «&c., is always the province, Ceredigion.

AcON, 151 ; Acre, Palestine.

Aelivedha ; St. Elevetha, or Aled, or Elined. See 32, n. 2.

AxBA Doarcs, or Axba Landa, 9, 59, 82 ; Whitland, Cister- cian Abbey, Caermarthenshire. Called in Welsh, Ty Gwyn, or Ty Gwyn ar Dav, i.e., the White House on the river Tav.

240 GLOSSARY II.

Ai.UANiA, GO ; Scotlaiid. Oiigiually all Biitaiii iiorlli of tliu

Ilumber ; 178, 1. 17. Album MoNASTEiuuM, 142 ; Whitchurcli, Shropshire. Ai.UNUS, 107, Sic. ; the river Alan, at St. David’s. Anakaut, 166, 167 ; Auarawd, son of Rhodri Mawr; prince

ofNorth Walcs, eud of 9th century. Giraldus, hy mi.stake,

niakes liini prince of Powys. Anaudkech, 167 ; where Giraldus makes him a priuce of

North Wales, and sou of Mervyn son of Rhodri Ma-\vi".

Some WoLsh authorities speak of Avandreg, a daughter of

Mervyn, but none, so far as I have seen, of a son of any

such name. Sce Williams’ Emineut Welshmen, under

Mervyn. Angiiarat, 142. A woman’s name ; Angharad of Welsh

writers. Ardudoe, 122 ; Ardudwy, a comot of cantrev Dunodig in

province of Caer Yn Arvon, iu Lhjwelyn^s Survey. The

name is still retained in a deanery of the ai’chdeaconry of

Merions. The cantrev Dunodig comprised parts of the

present Meriouethshire and Carnarvonshire. Arthro, 124, 176 ;the river Artro, Merionethshire. Gu-aldus

is wrong about it at 124, 1. 4. Arvon ; i. e., the country over against Mou or Anglesey,

124, 1. 23. In LlywelyrCs Survey, Arvon is a cantrev of

Caer yn Arvon. See Kaerarvon. AuRELius Ambrosius, 207 ; Ambrosius Aurelianus of GUdas

(§ 25), and Bede (H. E. I., 16); Emrys Wledig of Welsh

traditions. Giraldus foUows Geoffrey in the name. AvANUS, 16 ; Afan, or Avan, a saiut of the 6th century ;

founder of Llanafan Fawr in Buellt (Brecknockshire). See

Rees’s Welsh Saints, 208. AvENNA or AvENiNA, 9, 72, 172 ; the river Afan, or Avon,

Glamorganshire.

B.

Bangor, 10, 124, 125. " Bangorensis ecclesia " occurs at p.

55, and " Sedes Bangorensis " at p. 170. Barri, 66 ; Barry Island, off Glamorganshire, from where

Giraldus’s family name.

GLOSSAKV II. 241

Bakrocus, 66 ; Barnck, or Baroc, the saint from whom Barri islaud received its iiaino, aiul who is said to have flouri.shed in the hitter hali" of tho Ttli ceutiuy. TIo is not found in Welsh hagiology. Ser Kees’s Welsh Saints, 304.

B.vsiNGKWonc, 137, 176 ; Basiugwerk, Flintsliire. It is called Diuus Basiu in Brnt.

Bkmnus, and Bjmcnnius, 207 ; Beh’ aud Brau, of Welsh tradition.s ; kings of Britain, sons of Dyvuwal Moehnud.

Beiu)Kseik, 124; Bard.soy island. ^Ve Entldi.

Bkknacus, 111; Brynach, a saint of the otli centuiy. See Rees’s IVelsk Sainis, 156.

Blediiekicus, 202 ; Bledri, a mau’s namo.

Brkciianus, 31 ; Brychan, circa A.l). 400-450, priuce of Garthniadiyu, afterwards called from him Brocheiuiog, which is still the Welsh namo for Breckuockshire. See llees’s Welsh Saints, 110, &c.

Breciieniauc, 9, 18, 20, and repeatedly afterwards ; Brech- einiog, the province, nearly represeuted by tho prcsout Brecknockshirc; uevor the town of Breckuock, Avhich Giraldus always calls by its Wolsh name Aberhodni. Tho great lake of Brechciuiog, 33 (bottom of pagc), is Llyu Savaddau, or Llangorse mero, or Brecknock mere, a few iniles east of tho toAvu of Brecknock.

Brexnius. See Belinus.

Brevv, or Brevi, or Landewi Brevi, 10, 102, 119; Llau- ddewi Brefi, Cardiganshire.

Brojikeld, or Brumfeld, U, 146; Bromficld, Shropshire.

Broynles, 31 ; Bryullys, or Brwynll}’?, Brecknockshire. See n. 1, p. 31.

Brugense Castrum, 171 ; Bridgnorth, Herefordshire.

BuELD, 16 ; Buellt, or Builth: iu Llyioehjn’s Survei/, Buallt, a cantrcv of thc proviuce of Rliwng Gwy a Havrcu, iu priucipnlity of Powys ; now a liuudrod of Brecknockshire.

c.

Cadelii, or Cadelus, 166, 167; Cadell, son of Rhodri ]\Iawr;

prince of South Wales, end of 9th century. Cadwallanus, 16, 69 ; a mau’s nanie, Cadwallou.

YOL. VL Q

242 GLOSSARY fl.

Caldei Insula, in Welsh Enispir, 92 ; Ynys Pyr, or Caldey

island, ofF Pembrokeshire. Cananus. See Chanauus. CANTUEnocHAN, or Cantuefbochan, 36, ()1, 81, 171, 172 ;

Cantrev Bychan, a hundred of Caermarthen. Canteefjiauu, or K.VNTREFMAUR, 34, 80, 81, 172 ; Cantrev

Mawr, one of the three cantrevs of Brecheiniog ; the namo

also of a cantrev of CaermaTthcn. Caradocus, 69 ; Caradawg, or Caradog, son of lestin. . Cassiuellianus, 207 ; Cassivellaunus of CnRsar ; Cassibel-

launus of Bede {H.E. i. 2) ; the British prince who opposed

Caesar’s invasion. Caswallawn of the Welsh Triads, &c. Castellum Radulphi, 84 ; Chateauroux, iu Berry. Cestria, or Urbs Cestrensis, 10, 139, 141 ; Chestor ; called

" Legionum urbs," 217, 1. 16. At 221, 1. 18, Cestria is

used for the county. Chananus, or Cananus, 10, 122, 167 ; a man’s name,

Cynan. Chanani terra, or TerRa filiorusi Chanani, 122, 134, 177;

Meiriouydd so called. Claudiocestria, 63, 69 ; Gloucester ; Caer Loyw of Bruf,

See Glovernia. Claudius, 14 ; a man’s name, Clud, or Clut. Cledeu, 82, 172 ; Cleddau, or Cleddy ; the name of two

rivers in present Pembrokeshire. Cloid, 137, 176 ; the river Clwyd, Deubighsliire and Flint-

shire. Coidwroneu, or Coit Wroneu, 9, 47. The name which

Giraldus gives to a difficult defile, through which archbishop

Ealdwin passed on his way from Brecknock to Abergavenni.

Coid is Coet, a wood. Wroneu is the river Grwyney, or

Gronwy. CoLESHULLE, 130, 137, 176 ; Consyllt, <i district of the present

Flintshire, by tlie English called Coleshill. See Tegengel. Crugmaur, i. e., CoLLis MAGNUS, 118; Crug Mawr, in north

of Pembrokeshire. Crukeri castruji, 16 ; Pen-y-Crug, Old Eadnor. CuNANUS ; Cynau, the name of au abbot of Margam, 67. CuNEWE, 133, 136, 176 ; the river Conwy, or Conway, Car-

narvonshire.

aLOSSARY II. 24’J

D.

DANUciiTE siLVA, 55, 171 ; tlie forest of Dean, Glouccster- shire.

David, 101, 8cc. ; Dewi, saint, first archbishop of St. David’s.

Degannok, 10. Sce Dugannu.

DEnKUBARTH, 34, 166 ; still so spelt. It raeans the right- liand pai’t, or south part, and i.s the Welsh name of Soulh Wales. Giraldus explains it, 34, 1. 6, by " Dextralis Walliae pars." See Sudwallia.

Dkia, or Deya, 10, 139, 176 ; thc river Dee. See Dcverdoeu.

Demetia, or Demetica provincia, 89, 93, 130, 166, 173, 176; Dyfet, or Dy^^ed, a province of Soutli Wales, including the present Pembrokeshire, with part of Caermarthcnshire. It is " Demetia," or " Dewet," " Dyvet," &c., of thc Annal. Camb. ; " Dyfet," &c., of Brut. In LlywelyrCs Survey, where it is “Dyved,” a province of the principality of “Diuevwr,” it has eight cantrevs assigned to it, instead of seven, as given it by Giraldus (93, 1. 4 ; 166, 1. 17).

Deugledeu, or Dugledeu, 82, 172 ; Daugleddau, or Deu- gleddyv, the district between the two rivers Cleddy, in Pem- brokeshire. In LlywebjrCs Survey it is " Daugleddyv," a cantrev of Dy ved.

Deutrait, 123; a castle described by Giraldus as lately built near to the Tracths Mawr and Bychan, towards tlie uorthern mountaius. So far as I can learn it has not been identified. Doutrait woukl mean the Two Traeths, or inlets of the sea. The castle, therefore, was probably somewhere between them, or rather perhaps between the rivers running into them. Sec Traitmaur.

Devekdoeu, or Devekdoe, 139, 176 : Dwfr Dwy, thc Welsh name of the river Dee. Caer Leon ar Dwfr Dwy, was the Welsh name of Chester.

Devi, 10, 122, 176 ; tlie river Dyvi, or Dovey, which sepa- rates Nortli from South Wales.

Dkxtralis Kambria, 85 ; South Wales. See Deheubarth, and Sudwallia.

DiNEVOR. Sce Dynewi-.

DoGMAELIS SANCTI MONASTERIUM, Or CCENOBIUM, 110, 112;

St. Dogfaers abbey, now St. Dogmaers. Pembrokesliire,

Q 2

244 GLOSSAllY 11.

DoGMAELis — cont.

ncai- Carcligan. Thc Wclsli namc of the place is Llan-

duiloch. DiT.uiciLS, or DuBiUTirs, 56, 101, 120; St. Dyfrig, arch-

liishop of Caerleou, oth aiul Gth cciitiuics. DuGANXu, 135, 136, 176; Degannoe in Tablc of ChaptciP,

). 10 ; Dyganwy Castlc, Carnarvonshire. Duvianus, 202 ; onc of thc missionaries sent by pope Eleu-

therius to Lucius : Dyfun, of Wclsh traditions. Sec Kces’:j

Welsh Saints, 82, &c. Dyxas Emekeis, 133 ; Dinas Emiys, Carnarvonsliirc. DyNEAvn, or Dinevuu, &c., 80, Hl, 169, 172; Dinevwr, or

Dinefwr, now geuerally callecl Dincvor Castle, Caermar-

thensliire, tlie oourt of the princes of Soutli Wales. Dyssenyth, 124, 176; tlie river Dysyn\y, or Dysinni, Me-

rionethshirc, whioh cnters the sca a littlc north of Towyn.

Giraldus is Avronoc about it at 124, I. 3.

E.

Elennith, or Elenn-yth, 119, 138, 170. This, Giraldus saj-s, was the Welsh name for the Piinlimmou range of mountains, and was callcd Moruge by the Euglish. I have found these names in no other eai’Iy authority, aud, so far as I have been able to see, neither of them now survives. From these mountains of Elennyth spring the rivers Severn and Wye, 171 ; the Teivi, 173 ; and the Yst^vyth, 175.

Elisset, a prince of Powys, 142 ; Elise,’ sou of Madog ab Maredudd.

Eltutus, 28 ; TUtyd, a saint of the oth or 6th century. See Rees’s Wclsh Saints, 178, &c. The general Latin fbnu is Iltutus.

Elvail, Elvemia, or Elevemia, 14, 18, 19, 146; Elvael, iu Lli/icclt/n’s Survei/ Elvel, a cantrev of the province Rhwng Gwy a Havren, in principality of Powys, now part of Radnorshire.

Emelyx, 10, 114, in headlng only ; no menticn of !t in chapter itsclf. Einlyn, now Newcastle Emlyn, Cacrmarthenshire.

Eneas, 14, 17; a man’s name, the ^Yelsh Einaun, or Einou,

GLOSSARY II. 245

Emslannacu, 131 ; Yiiys Glanacli, or Ynys Seiriol ; Pricdt-

Iiolme, or Piiflin island, Anglcsey. Enispik, or IxsuLA riKui, 92; Yny« Pyr, or Caldcy ishuul,

offPcmbroke.shire. See Caldei. Enthli, or 13kj;deseik, 124 ; Ynys Eulli, or Bardsey island,

ofrthe Avcst point of Cariiarvonshirc, EuERi, or EiJEUY, 10, 133, 135, 170, 176 ; Eryri, the Welsli

name of the Snowdon range of mountains. Ekuengel, Anglicc Ukciienefeld, 169 ; where it is said to

have been ouce a cantrev of the dioceses of 8t. David’s and

Llandal". Ergyng, or Erchenlield ; Erging in Llywclyns

Survci/, a comot of Iscoed Gwent; now part of Hereford-

shire, wcst of the river Wyc. EscuD, 175 ; the rivcr Ystwyth, Cardiganshirc. EsKEiRHiR, i. c, TiiiiA LOXGA, 111; u man’s namc ; Long-

sJnmks, as we should call him. Eskeir, now Esgair, is tlie

Welsh for a shank, and Ilir is long. EsKEW^N, 165 ; a port in Gwent, uow Porthysgewydd, or

Portskewel, Momnoutlishirc (?). EsTKATFLUK, 10. Scc Stratflur. EsTRATM^uicuEL, 59 ; Ystrad Marchell, or Strata Marcclla,

Cistercian abbey, Moutgomeryshire. EuDAS; or E\VEDAs of Ist editiou ; a man’s uamc, 50. EviONYTH, 123 ; Eivionydd, a comot of cantrev Uuuodig in

Caer yn Arvon, in Llyioclyn^s Survey. Efionedd is still the

name of a hundred of Carnarvonshire. EwENNiTH, 67 ; Eweuny, Glamorganshire, a cell of St, Peter’s,

Gloucestcr. EwiAs, or EwYAS, 34, 37. In Llyxoelyds Siirvey it is Euas,

a comot of Iscocd Gwcut ; now included iu Monmouthslure

and Herefordshire.

F.

Faganus, 202 ; oue of tlie missionarics sent by pope Eleuthe- rius to Lucius : Ffagan of Welsh traditions. Sce Rees’s Welsh Saints, p. 82, &c. Giraldus, following Geoffrcy (IV., 19), names only two missionarics, Faganus and Du- vianus. According to Welsh traditious there wero four.

240 GLOSSARY 11.

G.

Galfridus Aethurus, 58, 179 ; GeofFrey of Monmouth.

GeR.MANUS AUTISIODOUICNSIS, 01- ALTISlODOnKNSIS, 120, 202 ;

Gcrmamis of Auxerrc, calleil Garmon by thc Wclsh. See Rees’s Wclsh Saints, 119, &c.

Glasbiria, 21 ; Glasbury, Brecknockshire.

Glascum, 18; Glascwra, Radnorshire.

Gloveunia, 40, 55, 171 ; Gloucester. Called also Claudioces- tria, 63, 69.

GoKR, or GoHEU, 9, 72, 73, 138; Gwhyr, or Gowcr, a district comprising the western portion of the present Glamorgan- shii’e. In LlywelyrC s Survcy it is Gwyi-, a comot of one of thc cantrevs of Cacrmyrddin.

Griffinus, or Guipiiinus, a mau’s namc ; GruflUdd, or Griffith. Occurs continually.

GuENELOc. Sec Gweneloc.

GuENLiANA. See Gwendoloena.

GuiANUS, bishop of Bangor ; Gwiawu in Brut, A° 1191. See 125, n. 3.

GuiNTA, or WiNTA, 52, 54, 165, 177 ; Gwent, a district be- tween the Usk and Wye, formerly one of the six provinces of the principality of South Wales, now included in Mon- mouthshire aud Herefordshire. It contained the two can- trevs of Gwent Uchcoed and Gwent Iscoed, the latter of which G iraldus calls " Winta inferior " at p. 60,

GULADMORGAN, or WlATMORGAN, or MORG^VNNOC, 63, n. 2 ; 138, 145, 172 ; Gwlad-Morgan,* or Morganwg, Anglice, Glamorgaushire. The antient Morganwg, however, did not at all exactly agree with tlie present Glamorgaushire.

GwENDOLOENA, or GuENLiANA, 15, u. 1 ; 79, n. 1 ; Gweullian, a woman’s uame.

GwENELOC, or GuENELOC, 11, 146 ; Wenlock, Shropshire.

H.

Haia, or llAYA, 8, 20, 171 ; Hay, Brecknockshire. The Welsh nauie of the town is Ti’egelli.

OLOSSARY II. 247

Havkken, 171 ; Ilafren, tlie Welsh namc of the river Severn.

Havekfordia, 82, 99, 172 ; Ilaveiford West, Pembrokeshire. The Welsh name is HwUrord ; llawlfford of Brtit.

HoELUS, or IIowELUS, 21, 60, &c. ; Howel, a man’s name.

HoTHENi, 20 ; the river Ilonddu, or Ilodni, Brecknockshh-c. And at p. 37, river of thc same name, Monmouthshire.

HovEDENi:, 24 ; Ilowdcn, Yorkshire.

Hysmael, S. ; in province of Rhos, where was St. Caradog’» place of seclusion, 86. According to Robt. Williams {Emi- nent Welskme^t), this was St. Ismaers in Pembrokeshire, where St. Caradog remaiued until his death. Other autho- rities say that St. Caradog’s last phice of seclusion was at Haroldston East, the church of which is dedicated to vSt. Ismael ; and that he died tliere iu 1 124.

Iago, 167 ; a mau’s name. It is still the right Welsh spel-

liug. Iereverdus, 48, 60 ; lorwerth, a man’s name. Iervekdus Trotndun, 134 ; lorwerlh Drwyndwn, or the

Broken-nosed, son of Owain Gwynedd. Iestinus, 21, 69 ; lestin ab Gwrgaut, prince of Morganwg,

who was dispossessed by Fitzhamon, circa 1090.

K.

Kaerarthur, 36 ; Cadair Arthur, a summit of thc Breck-

uockshire hills ; now generally called the Vau, or Bannau

Brecheiuiog. Kaerarvon, or Kairarvon, i. c., Castrum de Arvon, 10,

124 ; Carnarvou Castle. The proviuce, now nearly repre-

sented by Carnarvoushire, is Caer yu Ai-von in Llywelyn^s

Survey. Sec Arvou. Kaerdu’, Kairdif, or Kerdq^, 9, 61, &e. ; Cardiff, Glamor-

ganshire. It is Caer Dyf, or Kaer Dyf, in Brut ; and is

now called iu Welsh, Caerdydd.

248 GLOSSAP.Y II.

Kakklkun, 55 ; Caeileon, Monmouthshiie. GcueiJiJly culled by GiraUltis, Legioniim uibs.

Kakrmeuuyn, or Kairmkrdix, &c., 62, 80, &c.; Cacnna’llien, thc town ; Cacr Vyrdin in Brnt ; Cacrfyi"tldyn of modern Wclj-h. Tlic province is called " Caervyrddin " in Llyiceli/7i’s iSurvey.

Kamros, 10, 99 ; Camrof, Pem1)rokesliire.

Kanaxus, 59 ; Cynaiij a inan’s name. Elscwherc it is Cana- nus, or Chanauus.

Kanaucus, 25, 112 ; St. Cynawg, or Cyuog ; thc cldcst oftlic many sons of Brychan ; 5tli century. Scc l?cos’s JVelsh Saints, 138.

Kantrefmaui:, 80, 8i. See Cantrefinaur.

Kaoc, 34, 81. In the latter instancc, it is clcarly dcscribed as a comot of Caiitrev Mawr in Caermarthcn. Tlicre is uo such namc to a comot of Cantrcv INIawr ; but Caeo, whicli I supposc to be Giraldus’s Kaoc, is a comot of Cantrev Bychan, Caermarthcn, in Lhju-clijns Snrvey.

Karadocus, or Karodocus, 85, 86 ; St. Caradawg, or Caradog, wlio spent his last years as a hcrniit in Pcml^rokeshire, and died in 1124. Giraldus Avrotc a lifo of him, Avhich is not now known to be in bcing. Tlie prcface to it, howevcr, is in thc copy of Gi!‘aldus’s Symholum Elcctorum, in the library of Trin. CoU. Cambridge.

K.nixMADRUN, 123 ; Carn Madryn Castle, Carnarvoiishirc.

Kedaveli, or Kkdwely, 9, 78, 172 ; Cydweli, or Kidwelly, Cacrm arthen shi re.

Kktrdigax. See Keredigiauu.

Kemmeis, 10, 1 10 ; callcd " Kemois " in Brut ; " Keumeis " in Anncd. Camb. In Llyicelyn’’^ Stirvey it is “Cemacs,” a cautrcv of Dj-vcd. Now Kenimes, a hundred of Pembroke- shire.

Kexarthmaur, 114; Ccnarth, Caermarthensliirc.

ICenewricus, 119; Cynvrig, a mau’s name.

Kerkdigiaux, Keredigan, Kerdigax, Keirdigax, or Kkre- TICA kegio, 10, 114, 122, 173, 175, 176; Cercdigion, one of Ihc six provinces of the principality of South Wales, Avliicli comprised the present Cardiganshi)“c, aiid jjart of Cacrmar- thenshirc. The town Cardigau Giraldus calls by the Welsh name, Aberteivi.

GLOSSARY II. 249

KtvEiLiAuc, 143, 144; Cyvcilioj:, a comoi ol’ cantrcv Cynan iii provincc of Powys G>vcn\vynwyii, iii LbjwdyiHs Survei/ ; now incluclcd in Montgomcry.-liirc.

KiLtiAKKAN, 114; Cilgerrun, rcmbrokctihirc.

Laxamdevkri, 172; Llanymcldyvri, or Llandovery, Caermar-

thcnsLire. Laxavax, 16 ; Llanafan Fawr, Brccknock^^hirc. Laxdaph, or Sf.dks Landavensis, 9, 67, 170 ; Llandai’. Landestepiian, 80, 172; “Llan Ystyttiin,” in Brut ; Llau-

styftan. or Llanstcphan, Caerraarthcnshire. Landewi Brkvi, 119. Sec Brevy. Laxdeavi Nantiiotheni, 37 ; Lhmddcwi Nant Hodni, i.c,

thc church of 8t. David on thc river Ilodni ; thc Welsh

namc, Giraidus says, for Lhmtoni abbcy, Monmouths-hirc. Landinegath, 52 ; Llaningad, or Dingatstow, near Mon-

mouth. Landu, 20 ; Llandcw, or Llanduw rather, ncar Brecknock.

Giraldus says it meaus " Ecclcsia Dei,” 20, 1. IJ. See

Rces’s Welsh Saints, 325, note. Laneevensis SEDEs, 10, 136, 170; Llanelwy^ so called from

its site on the river Elwy ; a cathedral church said to

have beeu founded circa 550 by the famous Scotch saint

Kcntigern or Mungo ; now St. Asaph, so called from Asaij

whoni St. Mungo lcft as bishop, on his own return into

Scotland. Sec lvees’s Welsh Saints, 261. Lanhamelach, 28 ; Llanhamlcch, or Llauaniwlch, Brecknock-

shire. Lanmays, 23 ; Lhiufaes, Brccknockshirc. Lanmeik, 122 ; Llanfair, ^Merionethshirc^

L..\Js^PADERN MAUR, i. e., ECCLESIA PatERNI JIAUNI, 120;

Llanbadarn Fawr, Cardigansliirc, near Abcrystwyth ; origi- Uidly a cathedral see, afterwards a cell of St. Peter’s, Gloucester. The church, to tlie architectural antiquary, is ouc of the most valuable ancl interesting in all Wales. Lantodheni, or Lanthotmeni, ov Lantiionei, 9, 37 ; Llan- toni abbey, Monmouthsliire. See Laudewi.

260 GLOSSARY II.

LanwadeJin, 82, 172 ; Llauacddan, oi Llawhadea, Pcmbrokc-

shire. Legionum urbs ; so Giraldus geucrally cailri Caerleon, Mou-

moutljsliire, 9, 55, 57, &c. ; thougli “Kaerleuu” also, at 55.

And so he also calls Chester, at p. 217 ; tliougli iu other

places " Cestria." Tlie Welsh called the foi-mer place

Caerleou ar Wysc (Usk) ; and the latter, Caerleon ar Dwfyr

D^vy (Dee). Leoxis moxasterium, 146 ; Leorainstcr, Herefordshire. Leudocus, 114; St. Llawddog, or Llcuddad. See Rees^s

TFelsh Saints, 274. Leveni, 21; the river Llyvui, or Llynvl, Brecknockshire. Lewelinus, or Luelinus, 28, 134, &c. ; Llywelyu, a man’s

uame. LnEiN, 123, 124 ; Lleyn, a cantrev of Caer yn Arvon (Cai–

narvonshire) ; comprisiug the large promoutory betwecn the

bays of Cardigau and Caruarvou. LocnER, or Locuck, 9, 78, 172 ; tlie river Llychwr, or Loughor ;

in part of its coursc the bouudary betweeu the present

Glamorganshire aud Caermarthenshire. LoEGRiA, 178 ; the part of Britain between the Humber and

Severu. LonoLT, 172. So Giraldus calls the castle of Llych^vr, or

Loughor, Glamorgaushirc, ou the river of the same name.

In Brut it is callcd " Gastell Llych^AT ; " and iu Annal.

Camb., " Castellum Lychur." Lucius, kiug of Britaiu, 202 ; Lleurwg ab Coel, of the Welsh

Triads, &c. See Ilees’s Welsh Saints, 82, &c. LuDLAVVE, or LoDELAWE, 11, 146; Ludlow, Shropshii’e, LuEL, 18 ; Llywel, Breckuockshire, Lupus Trecensis, 202 ; Lupus of Troycs. lu Welsh he is

called Bleiddiau, a uame of like meauing with Lupus. See

Rees’s Welsh Saints, 1 26.

M.

Madocus, or Maidocus, 15, 142 ; Madog, a man’s name. Mahel, sou of Beruard de Nevvmarch by a Welsh motlier ;

29. Mael  occurs  as  a  Welsh  name. 
    

Mallenia, Mailenith, or Mailennytii, 16, 19, 138, 146;

Maelienydd ; a cantrev of Rhwng Gwy a Havren, one of the

GLOSSAKY IJ. 251

Mailenia, &(i. — cout.

thrcc provinces of thc principality ofPowys; now repic- sentcd Ijy a })art of north Radnorrihirc, with tsomc pjut uf Montgomeryshire.

Mailgo, 16, 79, 119 ; Maeigwm, a man’s namc.

Mala Flatea, Shropshirc, 146 (?).

Malus Passus, 146 ; Malpas, Cheshirc.

Mania, 127 ; tlie isle of Man.

Margan, 9, 67, 172; Margam, Cistcrcian abhcy, Glamorgan- shire.

MAitsiLiA, 151 ; Marseilles.

Mavia, or Mau, 122, 176 ; the rivcr MaAV, or Mawddach, Mcrionethshirc.

Maximus, 166, 208 ; king of Britaiu, &c. ; Maxen Wledig of Welsh traditions.

Maynaurpir, 92 ; Maenor Pyr, or Mauorbcer, castle, Pem- brokcshire.

Mediolanum, 33 ; Milan.

Meilerius, 57 ; Meilyr, a man’s name.

Menevia, or Menevensis Ecclesia, or Menevensis sedes, 10, 101, 105, &c. ; Mynyw, or St. David’s ; gcncrally called " Mcnevia " in Annal. Camb., but " Miniu " in two instances, A° 810 and 906. Menevcnsis portus, 108, 1. 3, is " Porth- maur Meneviaj, i.c. Portus magnus," of p. 165.

Mereducius. See Moreducus.

Merionyth, or Meirionith, or Terra filiorum Chanani, or Terra Canani, 122, 134, 176, 177; Meiriouydd, a provincc of thc priucipality of North Wales. It did not agree at all exactly with the preseut Merionethshire. It contained the greater part of this county, but had much besides not in- cluded in it.

Merlinus ; called Vyrdin in Brut ; Mcrddin, or Myi-ddin, of modern Wclsh. There are two prophets of this namc of Welsh ti-aditions ; viz. :

Merlinus Asibrosius, 56, 80, 133, 196, &c. ; Merddin Emrys ; so called becausc tlie bard of Emrys Wledig, or Ainbrosius. He is said to havc prophesied about thc middle of the 5th century. And

Merlinus Celidonius, or Silvester, 62, 124, 133, 196, 199; Mcrddin Wyltt. or the Wild ; a bard who is said to have flourished in thc 6th century. Sce WiUiams’s Eminent Welslimai, uuder Merddin.

252 GLOSSAKY II.

]Mi:iiviNU5, 166, 167 ; Mervyu, .“joii ol’ llhodri Muwr ; prince of

Powyt:. 011(1 of 9tli (•ciitury, Ginildus, liowever, calls liini

])riuce ofXorth Wjdes. Scc Auuraul. Mkuuic, 167 ; Mcurug, or Meirig, prince cl’ North Wale^,

jiccordhig to Giraldus. MlLVKKDicus POUTUS, 89 ; MiUbid Ilavcn. MoxEMUTA, or MuNEMUTA, ol, oo ; Moumouth. ^lOiViA, 10, 81, 126, (fcc. ; Yny.‘5 Moii, or .iimply Mou,

Angle.sey ; Mou, or Vou iu Dnit ; Mou, or Monia in

Annul. Camb. MoRKDUCUS, or Mkueuucius, 21, 69, &c. ; a inan’s name ;

Murc’(huld, ^lufflicc, Meredith. MoKUANNoc, 14o. Sec Guladuiorgau. MoRGANU.s, 48, 69, &c. ; ]Morgau, a inan’s name. MoRUGE, 119, 170; .so callcd, “quasi paludum cucuinina,”

170, 1. 22 ; the Engli.sh name of thc riinlimmon runge of

mountuins. See Elennith.

N.

Nanhevek, or Lanevek, 111; Xefern, or Nevern, Pcm-

brokeshirc. See note 4, p. 111. Nant Pencarn, 62 ; probably the river Ebwy, near Ncwport.

See uotc 1, p. 62. Nesta, 28, 91, 130 ; Nest, u womuirs ii.amc. Anglicised iuto

Anueis, Giraldus says, 29, 1. 2. Neth, 9, 72, 73, 172; Nedd, or Neath, Glumorganshire ;

river, aud inonastery. Neugol, 10, 86, 100 ; the river Newgull, aiid sands, Pem-

brokeshirc. This river, in part of its course, is the divisiou

of tlic cantrevs Khos and Pebidiog. Nevin, or Newein, 10, 124; Nefyn, or Nevin, Carnarvou-

sliire. NiwEBUKiA, 24 ; Ncwbury, Berkshire. Nokwallia, 122, und rcpeatedly ufterwards ; North Wales.

Often callcd also Vcucdotiu. Novus BuKGUS, 9, 55, 61, &c. ; Newport, Monmouthshire.

Called " Castcll Newyd ar Wysc,” i.e., New Castle on Usk,

iu Bruf.

GLOSSAEY ir. 253

Okneus, oronrs rcneaiodly ; n man’s namo. Owain, or Owcn. OsciiA, or OscA, 9, 20, 33, 55, &c. Wy.-e, or V^k ; river, town, antl castlo.

OsWALDESXnEO, or OSWALDESTROE, i. C., OSAVAI.DI AltHOI?, 11,

138, 142, 1. K; ; Oswostry, Shropshirc. It is oallcd " Croes Hyswallt" in Bri/f : " Croos Oswald," an.l “Crnx Oswalt” in AiDKil. Cdinh. OxiMEXSE CASTriU.Ai. 19. Where descrihed as five miles from

Seez, Normandv,

Paternus Maoxtjs, 10, 120 ; St. Padarn, fonnder, and first

hishop of Lhinhadarn Fawr, Cardiffansliiro. Sce Rees’s

Wehh Sniiits, 215. Peuidiauc, 127 ; Pebidiog, a cantrcv of Dyvod ; onc of llie

comots of which was Mynyw, or Mcnevia, llio (h’strict of

St. David’s. Pecit, 182; the Dcrl)yshire Peak districf, I snpposo, which

was gonoralljr callod “Pcch,” or “Pcc ;” for instanco, 7?^?/.

Abh. II., 78, and Iloveden, ZlZh, 34. But Giraklus’s words

are " In horealibus insula) finibns versus Pech," as if Pech

was towards the extreme north. Pemdrociiia, or Pexerociiia, or PE.AinRocii, or Provincta

PKMnROCiiiENSis, 89, 91, 93, &c. ; not the ijrcsent town of

thc name, or county, but Penvro, one of tlie eiglit cantrevs

of Dyved ; now nearly representod Ity Ihe hundred of

Castlo Martin, Peinbrokcsliirc. Pemmelesmere, 139 , Pimble Mcrc, or Baia lake, Merioncth-

shire. By tlie Wolsh called Llyn Togid. Pexcadeir, or Pkxc.\deyr, 81, 138, 227 ; Pencader, Caermar-

thenshire. Pekgwerx, or Penguerx, 81, 169; according to Gii-aldus,

the anciont Wolsli name of Slirewsbury. But tho Brvt

calls Shrew.sbnry ‘• Amwythic." Pexwetiiig, 175; Penwedig, a cantrev of Ceredigiou (Car-

diganshire).

254 OLOSSAUY IT.

PrsTiLPKWi, i. e., FiSTULA David, 109. Pistyll isWelsh fov a

pipe, 01" spout. There was a chapel called Capel y Pistyll

in connection with tho cathedral of St. David’s. See Rces’s

Welsh Sumfs, 350. PoNS Stkpiiani, 10, 119; Llanbedr Pont Stephan, or Lam-

peter, Cardiganshiic. PouTiiMAUK, 16o ; Porth MaAvr, i.e., the gi’eat port, St.

David’s ; called ** Menevensis Portus " at p. 108, 1. 3. PowisiA, 138, 142, 143, 166 ; Powys, one of the three priu-

cipalities into which Wales was antiently divided. Presselku, 111, 172; the Percclly mountains, in north of

Pembrokeshire.

R.

Radenouka, or Radenoka, 13, 138 ; Radnor, the town.

Raidkrgoe, 18 ; Rhaiadr Gwy, Radnorshire.

Rknni, or Rehini, 62, 65, 172 ; the river Rhymni, or Rumney ;

in part of its course the boundary l)etween the present

Monmouthshire and Glamorgaushire. Resus, a man’s namo, Rhys : occurs coutinually. RiDnELic, i. e., Vadum S^ilicis, or Wiliford, 165 ; Sir R.

C. Hoare supposed it to be Walford, Ilerefordshii^e. Ros, or Provincia de Ros, or Rosknsis provincia, or Ro-

sense territorium, 10, 80, 86, 89 ; Rhos, one qf the

cantrovs of Dyved ; still the name of a hundred of Pem-

brokeshire. RoTHERicus, or RoDEKicus, 126, 166 ; Rhodri, Anylice

Roderic. " Rothericus Magnus," or, in th^e British tongue,

" Rotheri Maur," of p. 166, was Rhodri Mawr, sovereign of

Walcs A.D. 844-877. RuDLAX, RuDiiELAN, or RuTHELAN, 10. 137, 176; Rhuddlau

castle, Flintshire.

S.

Sabrina, 55, 171 ; the river Severn. See Haveren. Sagiu.ii, 19; Scez, Normandy.

Sancti Clari castellum, 82, 172 ; St. Clare’s, or St. Clear’s, Caermarthenshire.

GLOSSARY II. 255

SEianENiTii, 1 70 ; wliere cilled the fourtli part of a cantrev,

in diocese of Llaudaf. Seiughcnydd, one of the four comots

of Cautrev Brciniol in Morganwg. Skisillus, 50, 111, 126; Seisyll, a mau’s uame, Slopesburia, 81, 142, 144 ; Shrewsbuiy ; but in anothcr in-

stance it certainly uieaus Shropshire, " Terra qua? Slopes-

buria dicitur," p. 169. " SlopesburiaB provincia" occurs at

p. 221. Stakepole, Eliodohus de, 96. Thero are two places callod

Stackpool in Pembrokeshirc, one of which is Stackpool

Elidyr, so caUed perhaps from this very Eliodorus. Stratflur, or Estratflur, 10, 119, 126, 173; the Cistercian

abbey of Ystrad Fflur, or Strata Florida, Cardiganshire. Strigulense castrum, 139, 171 ; Striguii Castlc, Chepstow,

Monmouthshire. Sudwallia, 34, 81, &c. ; South Wales, callcd also “Deheu-

barth ;” and, at 85, I. 31, ‘Dextralis Kambria.’ See De-

heubarth. Sweineshe, or SwEYNESiA, 73, 172; Swansen, Glamorgan-

shire. See Abertawe.

Talacharn, or Talachar, 80, 172 ; Talacharn, or Laug-

harne, Caermaithenshire. See Abercorrau. Talgabth, 36 ; mountains so called, Brecknockshire. See

note 5, p. 36. Taph, 82, 172 ; Tav, or Taf, river of Caermarthenshire. For

the Glamorganshire Taf, see Thaph. Tawe, 172 ; the river Tawe, or Tawy, Glamorganshire. It

enters the sea in Swansea bay, from which Abertawe, the Welsh

name of Swansea. Tegengel, 137, 190 ; Tegeingl, Tegcingyl in Lli/toehjiis

Sfirvei/, called Englefield by the Euglish, was a cantrev of

Perveddwlad, oue of the provinces of North Wales. It

contained the three comots, Consyllt (Coleshill), Prestatyn,

and Rhuddlau, which uow rank as three huudreds of the

modern Flintshire. Teivi. See Teyvi. Teleaucus, 67 ; St. Teilo, second bishop of Llaudaf.

25G

GLOSSARY ir.

Tf.vkedaucus, 129 ; St. Tyli-ydog, foiiiuler ol LlandyfVydoj;,

Anglesoy. Sec Kees’s JVelsh Sahifs, 276. TicwKiN’, 122 ; Tywyn, or Towyn, Meiionothsliire. Tkwi, or Fi.uvus Tj;\vii;n?-us 9, 80, 81, 172 , tlio river Tywi,

or Towy, CaennHrthen-hire. Tkyvi, or Tjcivi, 10, 114, 173; the river Teivi, or Teivy,

Ciirdiganshire. TiiAiMi, or Tai-h, (J2, 67. 172 ; Tav, or Taf liver, Glamororan-

.shire. TiiKODORUS, 34, 89 ; Tewdwr, a man’.s namo ; Tiidor, A/if/lirr. Traitmaur, and Traitbocha^-, 123, 176; Traetli Mawr, and

Tras Eyehan, two tiaets of sand, or rr.ther inlets of the

.sea, ar the N.W. oorner of Merionothshiie. At ]>. 176

Giraldus gives tliese nanies to Iho rivers wliioh riin into iho

inlets.

U;

Urcuenkfeud, 169. See Ergengel.

Vecta, 127 ; the Isle of Wight.

Yenedotia, 122, 123, ^co., frequentlv; Gwyncdd, or Nortii Wales.

w.

Waia, or fi.umex Waiex.se, 19, 20, 21, 33, and elsewhere ;

called " Vaga," and " Fhimen Vagonse,’’ iu sonie MSS.

Tbe river Gwy, or Wye. Wartiirenxiaun, 17, &c. ; G^^Tthrynion, a oomot oF cantrev

Arwystli in Meirionydd, North Walos, in JJi/wch/ri^s

Siirvej/. Now part of Radnorsliiro, and ropresented liy tlie

presont hundred of Rhayadoi’. Wendras, or Wendraith, or Wendrayth, 9, 78, 172 ; the

rivers Gwendracth Fawr, and Gwendras Bach, Caermar-

thenshire. Wenlocii, 62 ; Gwenllwg ; formerly a oantrev of Morganwg

(Glaraorgansliirc) ; uowpart of Monmouthshiro, co-extensive

with the present deanery of Newport.

GLOaSARY II. 257

WiLiFORD. See Riclhelic.

WiNCHELECrMBK, 25 ; Winclicombe, Gloiicestershire.

WiNTA ; Gweiit. .S’<’<’ Giiinta.

Wlatmorgax. Sec Guladmorgan.

Y.

YoiGER, 165 ; where described as n port on the north coast of

Anglesey ; the moutli. I supj)o>;e, of the river Gwygir. Ytuewal, 167 ; Idwal, a priuoo of North Wales. YVOR MODicus, 63 ; Ivor Bach. See n. 3, p. 63.

VOL. VI. K

I N D E X.

R 2

I N D E X.

[After propcr namcs in this ludex, whcnevcr at all nccessary, Giraldus’s Latin rendering

is addcd within brackcts.]

Aaron, St., of Caerleon ; his church there ;

one of thc first British martyrs, .56.

Abbots, lay, of Llanbadarn ; as frcquently

the case in Walcs and Ireland, 120.

Abelard, Peter ; his retort on a Jew as to

churches being struck by lightning,

Aberfraw, Anglesey, the royal court of

North Wales, 81,169. Abergavenni, Monmouthshirc, archbishop Baldwin’s progress to, 4 7. sermon at, 48. chieftains of Gwcnt treacherously

slaughtercd in castle of, 49, n. 2. castle taken by the Welsh, 51. a former like slaughter, by Walter son of Earl Milo, 51, n. 3. Aberhodni (Aberhotheni), Brecknockshirc, archbishop Baldwin’s progress to, 20. the principai castle of Brecheiniog,

32,1. 4; 171,1. 30. chapel of St. Nicholas in castlc, 21. Abertawe, or Swansea, Glamorganshirc, archbishop Baldwin at, 73. castle of, 73, 172. Aberteivi, Cardiganshire, archbishop Baldwin entcrtaincd at, by princc llhys, 112, ebapel to bc built near, ou the Kemmes side of the river, on the spot where archbishop Bald^in preached, 113.

Aberystwyth (Aberescud), Cardiganshirc,

castle of, 175. Abraham, bishop of St. David’s, 104. Acrc (Acon), Palestiiic, archbishop Bald-

win’s death at, 151. Afan, or Avon (Avenna, or Avenina),

rlver, Glamorganshirc, 9, 72, 172. Afan, St. (Avanus), how irreverence to his

church punished, 16. Alan, river at St. David’s, 107.

flows with wine, 109. Alban, St., proto-martyr of Britain, 56. Albanactus, son of Brutus, king of all

Britain north of the Humber, from

whom the name Albania, 178. Alexander, archdcacon of Bangor, iuter-

preter to the Welsh during arch-

bishop Baldwin’s progress, 55, 126. Alexander the Great, the Caspian moun-

tains, and the ten tribes, 199. Alfred, his English books written in the

idiom of the South of England,

Alliteration, usc of, in Welsh and English

poetry, 187. instancesof it, 188. not used by theFrench, 189. Aman, archbishop of St. Da^-id’s, 102. Ambrose, St., quoted, 33, 44, 70.

Amphibalus, St., preceptor of St. Alban, a

native of Caerleon, 56. Anarawd, son of Rhodri Mawr, princc of

Powys, 16G, 167. Anchorites of Wales, 204.

262